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Psycholinguistic Classification

According to psycholinguistic classification of translation it is subdivided into oral and written, which, in its term, has a more detailed subdivision. The line of demarcation between written and oral translation (interpretation) is drawn not only because of their forms but also because of the sets of conditions in which the process takes place. The first is continuous, the other – momentary. In written translation the original can be read and reread as many times as the translator may need or like. The same goes for the final product. The translator can reread his translation, compare with the original, make all necessary corrections or start the work all over again. He can come back or get the information he needs from the further going (subsequent) messages. These are most favorable conditions. And here we can expect the best performance and the highest level of equivalence. The conditions of interpretation impose a number of important restrictions on the translator’s performance. Here the interpreter receives a fragment of the original only once and for a short period of time. His translation is a one time act with no possibility of any return to the original or any subsequent corrections. These creates additional problems and the users have sometimes to be content with a lower level of equivalence.

There are 2 main kinds of interpretation: consecutive and simultaneous. In consecutive translation the translating starts after the original speech or some part of it has been completed. Here the interpreter’s strategy and the final result are very much dependant on the length of the segment to be translated. If the segment is just a sentence or 2, the interpreter closely follows the original speech. As often as not, however, the interpreter is expected to translate a long speech. In this case he has to remember a great number of messages and keep them in mind. To make this possible, the interpreter has to take notes of the original messages, various systems of notation having been suggested for this purpose.

Sometimes the interpreter is set a time limit to give his rendering which means he will have to reduce his translation considerably selecting and reproducing the most important parts of the original. This implies the ability to make a judgment on the relative value of various messages and to generalize or compress the received information. The interpreter must obviously be a good and quick-witted thinker.

In simultaneous translation the interpreter is supposed to give his translation while the speaker is uttering the original message. This can be achieved with a special radio or telephone-type equipment. The interpreter receives the original speech through the earphones and simultaneously talks into the microphone which transmits his translation to the listeners. This type of translation involves a number of psycholinguistic problems, both of theoretical and practical nature.