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Choose the most suitable word or phrase in brackets in each sentence.

Вариант 1

1.Translate the text, find and write down the equivalents to the words:

THE COURT SYSTEM OF THE USA

The American court system is complex. It functions as part of the federal system of government. Each state runs its own court system, and no two are identical. In addition, they have a system of courts for the national government. These federal courts coexist with the state courts.

Individuals fall under the jurisdiction of two different court systems, their states courts and federal courts. They can sue or be sued in either system, depending mostly on what their case is about. The vast majority of cases are resolved in the state courts.

The federal courts are organized in three tiers, like a pyramid. At the bottom of the pyramid

Are the US district courts, where litigation begins. In the middle are the US courts of appeals.

At the top is the US Supreme Court. To appeal means to take a case to a higher court. The courts of appeals and the Supreme Court are appellate courts, with few exceptions, they review cases that have been decided in lower courts. Most federal courts hear and decide a wide array of cases; the judges in these courts are known as generalists.

Answer the questions to the text in exercise 1.

1) Who is responsible for making laws in the US?

2) Name American courts in the descending order.

3) In what way are the federal courts organized?

4) How are the judges of federal courts called?

5) Where does litigation begin?

Change the sentences into Passive.

1) Barristers represent clients in court.

2) The Crown Court hears appeals from magistrates’ courts.

3) Coroners’ courts investigate violent, sudden or unnatural deaths.

4) A committee examines the bill in detail after the second reading.

5) They have opened a new shop in our district.

6) The president appoints US attorneys with the advice and consent of the Senate.

7) Giuliani notched his briefcase with dozens of prosecutions of judges, organized crime figures.

Choose the most suitable word or phrase in brackets in each sentence.

1) Sally didn’t realize that she had (broken/counted/denied) the law.

2) The police have (banned/cancelled/refused) parking in this street.

3) I must remember to get (a/an agreement/licence/permission) for my television.

4) The president admitted that there had been a breakdown of law and (crime/government/order).

5) Jim’s parents wouldn’t (agree/allow/let) him go to the demonstration.