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HOLDING

GENERAL

A holding pattern is a predetermined manoeuvre which keeps an aircraft within a specified airspace whilst awaiting further clearance.

Note:

1) The term “holding area” refers to a specified airspace stated in the definition.

2) The term “holding pattern” refers to the predetermined manoeuvre stated in the definition and is normally the well known race track shape.

The holding area and holding pattern entry will be accomplished in accordance with procedures published by the state.

If procedures have not been published or are not known to the pilot, the appropriate ATC unit will describe the procedures to be followed.

Aircraft shall be held at a designated holding point. The required minimum vertical, lateral or longitudinal separation from other aircraft according to the system in use at the holding point shall be provided.

Note:

Separation at a designated holding point shall always be vertical.

Normally the first aircraft to arrive over a holding point should be at the lowest level, with following aircraft tat successively higher levels.

Note:

Aircraft with high fuel consumption at low levels, e.g. supersonic aircraft, should be permitted to hold at higher levels and still retain their order in the approach sequence. This will be facilitated by the use of discrete descent path and/or radar to descend these aircraft clear of other aircraft holding at lower levels.

If a pilot advises that he is unable to comply with the approach control holding or communication procedures, any alternative procedures requested by the pilot should be approved if known traffic condition permit.

EXPECTED APPROACH TIME (EAT)

Expected approach time:

The time at which ATC expects that an arriving aircraft, following a delay, will leave the holding point to complete its approach for landing.

An expected approach time shall be determined for an arriving aircraft that will be subjected to a delay, and shall be transmitted to the aircraft as soon as practicable and preferably not later than the commencement of its initial descent from cruising level. In the case of aircraft particularly sensitive to high fuel consumption at low levels an expected approach time should, whenever possible, be transmitted to the aircraft early enough before its intended descent time to enable the pilot to choose the method of absorbing the delay and to request a change in his flight plan if the choice is to reduce speed en-route.

A revised expected approach time shall be transmitted to the aircraft without delay whenever it differs from that previously transmitted by five minutes or more, or such lesser period of time as has been established by the appropriate ATS authority or agreed between the ATS units concerned.

An expected approach time shall be transmitted to the aircraft by the most expeditious means whenever it is anticipated that the aircraft will be required to hold for thirty minutes or more.

The holding point to which an expected approach time relates shall be identified together with the expected approach time whenever circumstances are such that this would not otherwise be evident to the pilot.