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The UK nuclear industry

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Radiation from the nuclear industry comes from two main sources: authorized discharges and nuclear waste. All nuclear plants emit some discharges – as liquids into rivers or sea and as gases through chimneystacks. These have to be authorized by the government, which follows international guidelines for radiological protection.

Companies running nuclear sites are required by law to keep discharges as low as possible within the authorized limits and to monitor their own discharges and their effect on the environment. The government watches over this monitoring. When the Sellafield nuclear fuel reprocessing plant failed to keep discharges as low as possible (although they were within the authorized limits) in the autumn of 1983, the public was advised to avoid “unnecessary use of beaches” near the plant. And, in December 1986, the Health and Safety Executive demanded new investment to ensure the plant’s future safety.

Solid radioactive waste is produced routinely by operating nuclear plants, but it also arises when old plants reach the end of their useful life. Waste is classified as high, intermediate or low level.

Both intermediate- and high-level waste are currently being stored at nuclear plants until sited for disposal have been agreed (high-level waste is stored anyway for at least fifty years to allow it to become less radioactive and to cool down and thus simplify disposal). It may eventually be contained and buried deep below the earth, where it will decay and one day become harmless. But some of it will remain radioactive for thousands of years to come, so we are passing considerable responsibility on to generations after us. Prior to 1983 some intermediate and low-level waste was dumped out at sea.

Low-level waste consists largely of objects like used protective clothing and lab equipment from nuclear plants, hospitals, universities, and so on. It’s mainly buried in shallow trenches as Drigg near Sellafield. NIREX (the Nuclear Industry Radioactive Waste Executive) has been looking for new sites for the waste to take pressure off Drigg.

 

Ex. 3. Draw a table as an example below, complete it using the information in the article. Put the problems in the left-hand column, including possible future problems as well as present ones, and the causes of these problems on the right. Look at the examples given:

Pollution problems Pollution causes
1. Dwindling numbers of fish in rivers 2. Buildings are weathering quickly 1. Acid rain (from power stations, etc.) 2. Acid rain

 




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