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Company man- The representative of the oil company or operator on a drilling location. For land operations, the company man is responsible for operational issues on the location, including the safety and efficiency of the project. Even administrative managers are expected to respond to the direction of the company man when they are on the rigsite. Offshore, depending on the regulatory requirements, there may be an offshore installation manager, who supervises the company man on safety and vessel integrity issues, but not on operational issues.
Roughneck-Generically, any member of the drilling crew. In conversational use, one might claim to have "roughnecked" in one's youth. This might actually refer to roughneck duties, or to one of the other crew positions, such as lead tongoperator, motorman, derrickman, assistant driller or even driller.
Roustabout-Any unskilled manual laborer on the rigsite. A roustabout may be part of the drilling contractor's employee workforce, or may be on location temporarily for special operations. Roustabouts are commonly hired to ensure that the skilled personnel that run an expensive drilling rig are not distracted by peripheral tasks, ranging from cleaning up location to cleaning threads to digging trenches to scraping and painting rig components. Although roustabouts typically work long hard days, this type of work can lead to more steady employment on a rig crew.
Motorman-The member of the rig crew responsible for maintenance of the engines. While all members of the rig crew help with major repairs, the motorman does routine preventive maintenance and minor repairs.
Tool pusher monitors the drilling operations or activity on board an oil and gas drilling rig. They also manage the personnel and equipment, and must understand all drilling processing.
If a bit meets hard rock, the well may deviate. The most popular is horizontal drilling. A horizontal well can recover five or six times more than vertical wells.
Well log is created when drilling crew first drill a hole. It is a record of some basic information about the hole. A well log list the rock we meet and their depth. A wireline log comes after the hole is made. It’s a second investigation of the borehole to check that it is really worth ready for production. When results are positive, drilling crew stars to complete the well.
Types of drilling platforms/vessels
Drilling barge-a flat-bottomed rig used in shallow waters.
Jack-up rig-a rig which has 2 hulls and at least three vertical legs through the hulls(каркас)
Semi-submersible rig-a rectangular-shaped platform floated with pontoons(Pontoon-one of several hollow(углубленный) structures, used to support a floating oil platform) below the surface of the water.
Drill ship-a ship with a drilling rig mounted in the centre.
Gravity-base fixed production platform-a platform with a steel-reinforced concrete base, held to the seabed by gravity
Steel-jacket platform-a platform which has steel legs that sit on the seabed, held by concrete piles (связка)
Tension-leg platform-a platform held in position by heavy weights connected to hollow steel tubes
Compliant(податливый уступчивый) platform- a light platform designed to sway with the wind, waves and currents
FPSO (Floating Production, Storage and Offloading vessel)-effective In remote or deep water locations where seabed pipelines and not cost-effective.
Production:
Flares sometimes burn gas to get rid of it because of the risk of explosions. Gas gathering is where gas is captured and piped from the well head to the gathering centre where it is prepared for transportation to its final distribution centre. This involves removing water (dehydration) and the sulphur compounds that cause corrosion, particularly H2S. The pressure is increased by compressors. Compressors are located every 10 to 40 kms to maintain pressure.
Completion is the process in which the well is enabled to produce oil or gas.
Refinery:
First job is to break crude down into different molecules. The crude oil is heated and is piped to the bottom of a distillation tower aka fractionating column. The crude oil separates into fractions according to its weight and boiling point., Other processes remove sulphur as it is a key element in acid rains.
3 types of renewable energies: solar energy (using solar batteries on the roof which accumulate energy), wind energy using wind turbines and hydro energy using hydropower plant or dams. The energy of future is hydrogen.
Hydrocarbons origin
Million years ago a lot of organism were died and buried to bottom of sea. Here they accumulated and made the mixture of mud and silt. Tonnes of these organism produced the layer of modern layer measured the hundreds metres of thich. These layers produced the layer of mud and sand. All these sediments compressed the mud of the fraction of its original thickness. Heat and pressure made these layers of hydrocarbons. Oil accumulates in pores between the grains of rock
From tests:
Crude oil is a thick, black mixture of hundreds of different compounds
Hydrocarbons- organic compounds composed of carbons and hydrogen which are main components of petroleum and oil-based products.
Petroleum is a genetic name for hydrocarbons, including crude oil, natural gas liquids, natural gas and their products.
Reserves-a proportion of oil or gas in a reservoir that can be removed using currently available techniques.
Reservoir-a place that stores a large of liquid; this could be a tank, a rock formation or rocks in an oilfield.
Oil is held in rock pores.
A barrel is equal to 159 liters
Oil is a mixture of all of these except for land.
Logging-exploration of rocks in wells by using electric, magnetic, gamma radiation and other methods to reduce costs and environmental impacts collecting an information during the well drilling that allows to reproduce the picture of geolayers and table or graphic explanation of conditions of drilling.
Drains-the system of pipes and tubes that carry away waste water
Flow-to move smoothly without stopping
Inspection-the process of checking carefully, especially to identify faults.
Viscosity-the measurement of a fluid’s resistance to flow, often used to describe its thickness
Insulation-protective layer to prevent or reduce conduction of heat or electricity
Duct-large section pipe, with a circular or square profile, for carrying air; or a protective cover for cables or hoses
Filter-material with small holes located in a flow of gas or liquid; used to block solid particles, e.g. to prevent them from damaging a sensitive mechanism such as pump
Tank-a container for storing liquid
Corrode-degrade as a result of chemical reaction
Mains-underground pipes for water and natural gas
Paraffins-premium grade of kerosene burned in lamps and heaters
Seal-a substance or device that is used to close a container or other object and prevent gas or liquid from escaping
Separation-the process of breaking up the fluid pumped out of an oil well into oil, water and gas streams
Vapor-a substance in gaseous state
Float-a buoyant object used to hold things up in water or measure the level of liquid in a tank
Pig-pipeline inspection gauge
Water towers are large tanks designed to supply large numbers of buildings
Stock tank
Dimensions and other features of the tanks are regulated by API or GOST specifications. Welded tanks are shop fabricated and have a cylindrical form. Bolted tanks are assembled manually. All the tanks have cleanout plates to remove paraffins and other sediments. The thief hatch is used to take samples of oil from a tank, in order to determine oil temperature, water content and API gravity. Automated valves are used to control the storage levels. Modern tank forms are equipped with tanks, pipelines and gantries. They provide aboveground and underground storage.
Butterfly valve-a type of quick-opening valve which is opened and closed by a disc that pivots on shaft inside the valve.
Condenser- equipment that changes a material from a gas to liquid by cooling it.
Debris-broken rock fragments and rubbish that accumulates inside a pipeline
Distillation-the process by which liquids and gases are separated or purified by heating and cooling them so they vaporize, they condense, i.e., gaseous fuels, kerosene and gas oils.
Barge-a long boat for carrying freight that is usually pushed or pulled by another vessel
Bubble cap-a metal cap covering a hole in a plate in a distillation tower; it lets rising vapour pass through the cap and condense on the plate
Pipe types:
Pipe-rigid tube, made from materials such as steel and plastic. They carry fluids. Pipes can be fitted together with different pipe fittings. Assemblies of pipes are often referred to as pipework.
Mains-underground pipes for water and natural gas. Water mains and gas mains run beneath the streets of cities to supply buildings.
Pipelines are long-distance pipes, often above ground, for crude oil or natural gas.
Drains – underground pipes that carry waste water. Large drains, as found below the streets in cities, are called sewers. Drains and sewers rely on gravity to allow them to flow. They therefore have a download slope, called a fall.
Ducts are pipes used for moving air that is not under pressure-usually for heating or air-conditioning. Ductwork often consists of rectangular cross-section ducts.
Hoses are flexible tubes, often made from plastic, for liquids and gases. They are fitted together using hose fittings. Examples of hoses are fuel hoses and compressed air hoses-sometimes called fuel lines and air lines.
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