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The world’s (0) dependence on oil and gas is a given. Drilling a well is a complex process involving different service companies each one adherent to the clock scheduling, safety and (1) __________. The first task is to prepare the location. Next a pilot hole is dug at the precise location marked by the survey crew for the main hole, two other holes, (2) __________ and rathole, are also dug. Two shifts of complete crews are assigned to the drill site for the entire project. Drilling happens in stages: drilling, running and (3) ___________. To help keep cuttings from plugging the hole the mud passes through shakers that (4) __________ and send them to the bit. The blowout preventer or BOP contains high-pressure safety valves designed to (5) __________ of underground gases or fluids in order to prevent blowout from occurring.
The bit is a cutting element used in (6) __________. As the bit turns it crushes the rock efficiently. When the hole reaches the designated depth, the derrickhands circulate fluid to condition it for the logging, the process of measuring and (7) __________. If everything tests positively the crew inserts the last string of (8) __________ that runs the entire length of the hole and cements the casing in the hole.
Next the workover unit trips out of the hole and picks up a (9) __________ which the crew lowers into the well to the production depth. An electrical signal is sent down the wireline, firing the gun and igniting explosive charges that create holes connecting the wellbore to the reservoir to (10) __________ the flow of hydrocarbons. The final step is to install a pump jack or production well head called a Christmas tree on the well. It is then time to produce the well and plan for any future field development.
B. 9 Listen to the text again and choose the answer – A, B, C or D – that best suits the information from the text.
1. To prepare the well location implies
A. construction of an access road and availability of utilities supply lines.
B. introduction of electricity generation and waste water discharge systems.
C. deforestation and drainage of the area.
D. training of the personnel involved.
2. After being moved and assembled the rig is inspected in order to make sure
A. it is still intact and able to operate.
B. it is equipped and fitted with all necessary up-to-date components.
C. it meets all specifications and safety standards.
D. it looks attractive for investors.
3. Tripping out is performed to
A. remove the entire string of drill pipe.
B. replace a worn-out drill bit.
C. keep the drill crew busy.
D. prolongate the drilling process.
4. An additional mud system used to clean the drilling fluid from cuttings includes
A. desanders, debubblers and desilters
B. decutters, desilters and degassers.
C. degassers, desanders and desilters.
D. descreeners, desanders and descalers.
5. Downhole information obtained by logging allows determining
A. if the well is drilled well enough to produce oil or gas.
B. if the well is plugged with cuttings.
C. if the well is able to meet expectations.
D. if the well is completed or abandoned.
6. The purpose of fracturing a well is to
A. release the pressure and allow oil and gas to flow into the wellbore.
B. pump air, sand and fluid into the wellbore under very high pressure.
C. keep perforations open to prevent them from being plugged.
D. test the walls of the well whether they are solid.
7. The name of the device that controls the flow of hydrocarbons is
A. a monitoring unit.
B. a flow valve.
C. a choke.
D. a tubing.
8. According to the text, drilling for oil and gas helps us
A. make more money and raise the life standards up.
B. meet growing needs for energy.
C. produce high-quality oil-derived products.
D. affect economic ratings on world’s stock exchanges.
15. Match the questions about “well life” on the left with the answers on the right.
| 1. What is the average diameter of a well hole? | A. Well, the diameter of the tubing is small so as to produce hydrocarbons and increase velocity. |
| 2. How is the migration of formation sands controlled? | B. That’s difficult to say, but I know that in the Tomsk region flooding is applied. |
| 3. How is hydrostatic effect of water overcome? | C. My best advice is to give it up! |
| 4. What is the nodding donkey? | D. As I know, sand screens or a gravel pack is installed. |
| 5. Is the “Christmas Tree” on the well top the same as the tree we have at Christmas? | E. As far as I know, a “hole” is an opening, but a well is a deep hole. |
| 6. What would you do if reservoir pressure decreases? | F. Hmm, that’s hard to say, but as far as I know it is a surface pump jack which could be seen in old oil fields. |
| 7. What must I do (well owner) if the flow rate decreases to 5%? | G. Yes, you are right, but instead of Christmas toys there are different valves. |
| 8. What is the difference between the well and a hole? | H. Well, I think it’s about 13–76 cm. |
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