1. For centuries philosophers, psychologists and anthropologists have tried to explain why men behave violently. Some psychologists think that violence or aggressiveness is an instinct which we are all born with. We need violent motivation in order to survive, they say, just as animals do. Aggressiveness is connected with courage, energy and will. Besides this positive side, aggressiveness also has a negative side. If we cannot satisfy our needs safely, we will satisfy them in a way that hurts others. According to this theory, society cannot get rid of aggressiveness, but it can provide safer outlets for our violent needs.
2. Other psychologists think that aggressiveness is something which we learn as children, just as we learn to walk and talk. The world in which we live is aggressive and violent. We learn that in order to get what we want in this world we must be aggressive and violent. According to this theory, if we really wanted to get rid of violence, we could. We must only learn non-violent means of achieving our goals.
3. Another approach says that aggressiveness is always the result of frustration. Every time we do not get what we want, that is whenever our wishes are frustrated, we become aggressive. According to this theory, we must find outlets for our aggressiveness which do not hurt others. Since we will probably always face some kind of frustration, we will always have to live with our need to be violent.
4. According to this theory there are two separate kinds of aggressiveness with different origins and different social consequences. One kind of aggressiveness is an instinct which we are born with: our need to defend ourselves against an attack. We share this instinct with animals. Without it we could not survive, but we must also learn to use it properly. The second kind of aggressiveness is entirely negative because it serves no purpose and is only destructive. Some people are dominated by their need to be violent. This form of aggressiveness is not an instinct but is probably the result of a small child’s very negative experience with the world around him. According to the biological and social theory, it is extremely difficult to change a person who has become aggressive in the destructive way.
Определите, является ли утверждение:
Aggressiveness has both positive and negative consequences.
1) в тексте нет информации
2) истинным
3) ложным
ЗАДАНИЕ 28 (выберите один вариант ответа)
Определите, является ли утверждение:
Violence is the instinct people are born with.
1) истинным
2) в тексте нет информации
3) ложным
ЗАДАНИЕ 29 (выберите один вариант ответа)
Определите, является ли утверждение:
Frustration is always the result of violence.
1) в тексте нет информации
2) ложным
3) истинным
ЗАДАНИЕ 30 (выберите один вариант ответа)
Определите, является ли утверждение:
There are two sources of violence.
1) в тексте нет информации
2) ложным
3) истинным
ЗАДАНИЕ 31 (выберите один вариант ответа)
Укажите, какой части текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая информация:
Violence is the problem which is widely discussed by social scientists.
1) 4 2) 1
3) 2 4) 3
ЗАДАНИЕ 32 (выберите один вариант ответа)
Укажите, какой части текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая информация:
According to one of these theories, people became violent when their wishes did not meet their needs.
1) 4 2) 3
3) 1 4) 2
ЗАДАНИЕ 33 (выберите один вариант ответа)
Ответьте на вопрос:
What is the positive side of violence? Violence helps people …
1) to achieve their goals without hurting others.
2) to communicate with animals.
3) to survive in the aggressive world.
4) to change the society they live in.
ЗАДАНИЕ 34 (выберите один вариант ответа)
Определите основную идею текста
1) There exist certain psychological techniques to prevent aggressiveness.
2) The results of violence can be both positive and negative.
3) There are different theories explaining people’s violence and aggressiveness.
4) The world people live in is violent enough.
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