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The court system. Speaking

Use Fig. 4.1 to talk about the court system of England and Wales. Follow this plan: the court's place in the system, the matters heard, the judges. Link points with connecting words and phrases.

9. 'Evidence'.

The word 'evidence' is uncountable and therefore cannot be used in the plural or with an indefinite article. Write six sentences, set in a legal context, illustrating the correct use of this word. 'Evidence' collocates with the adjectives: 'strong', 'irrefutable', 'material', 'in/sufficient', 'direct', 'circumstantial' etc., and with the verbs: 'to discover', 'to conceal', 'to destroy', 'to give', 'to present', 'to produce', etc.

Common collocations.

a) The verbs below are all from Text 1. Write, from the text, nouns that collocate with them and translate them into your own language. Some of the verbs go with more than one noun.

Verb Noun/s Verb Noun/s

b) Choose six 'verb + noun' pairs from above and write sentences to illustrate their meaning in legal contexts.

Contrasting information. Language use

a) When introducing new information, you can contrast it with what your readers already know. Read the two examples below and say which information is new and which is old. Where in the

sentence does the new information come? Why is the relative clause bracketed commas?

Unlike all the other courts in the land, which are bound by decision of the higher courts, the House of Lords is not bound by its own decisions.

In contrast to the High Court, whose decisions are binding on all interior courts, the magistrates’ courts’ decisions cannot become binding precedents.

b) Read the information below that shows how the principle of the binding precedent works in the English court system. Write four sentences using the pattern above with the prepositions unlike, in contrast to, as opposed to and relative clauses.

DECISIONS OF:

the House of Lords are binding on all lower courts but not on itself (if need

not follow its own decision)

the Court of Appeal are binding on all lower courts and on itself (it must

(Civil Division) follow its own decisions)

the Court of Appeal are binding on all lower courts but not on itself

(Criminal Division)

the High Court are binding on all lower courts but not on itself

the Crown Court cannot become binding precedents