We use in case to talk about precautions - things we do to be ready for what might happen. After in case we use a present tense to talk about the future.
· I've bought a chicken in case your mother stays to lunch.
· I wrote down her address in case I forgot it.
We can use should... after in case - this gives the idea of 'by chance'. Should is common in sentences about the past.
· I've bought a chicken in case your mother should stay to lunch.
· I wrote down her address in case I should forget it.
In case is not the same as if. Compare:
I'll buy a bottle of wine (now) in case Roger comes (later).
I'll buy a bottle of wine (later) if Roger comes (and if he doesn't come I won't).
Wish
The verb to wish is followed by an 'unreal' past tense when we want to talk about situations in the present that we are not happy about but cannot change:
§ I wish I had more money (=but I haven't)
§ She wishes she wa s beautiful (= but she's not)
§ We wish we could come to your party (=but we can't)
When we want to talk about situations in the past that we are not happy about or actions that we regret, we use the verb to wish followed by the past perfect:
§ I wish I hadn't said that (= but I did)
§ He wishes he hadn't bought the car (= but he did buy it.)
§ I wish I had taken that job in New York (= but I didn't, so I'm stuck in Bristol)
NOTE: When we want to talk about situations we are not happy about and where we want someone else to change them, we use to wish followed by would + infinitive:
§ I wish he would stop smoking. (= I don't like it, I want him to change it)
§ I wish you would go away. (= I don't want you here, I want you to take some action)
§ I wish you wouldn't squeeze the toothpaste from the middle! (= I want you to change your habits.)
I'd rather and it's time...
Infinitives are possible after it’s time and would rathe r (= ‘would prefer’). Would rather is followed by an infinitive without to.
It’s time to buy a new car.
It’s time for him to go to bed.
She doesn’t want to go out. She’d rather stay at home.
These two expressions are also followed by an unreal past. The verb is in the past tense, but the situation is in the present.
When we want to talk about a course of action we would prefer someone else to take, we use I'd rather + past tense:
§ I'd rather you went
§ He'd rather you called the police
§ I'd rather you didn't hunt elephants.
NOTE: the stress can be important in these sentences, to show what our preference is:
§ I'd rather you went = not me
§ I'd rather you went = don't stay
§ He'd rather you called the police = he doesn't want to
§ He'd rather you called the police = not the ambulance service
Similarly, when we want to say that now is a suitable moment to do something, either for ourselves or for someone else, we use it's time + past tense:
§ It's (high) time I went.
§ It's time you paid that bill.
§ Don't you think it's time you had a haircut?
Ex. 1. If or when?
Note the difference between if and when. If: something may happen. When: something definitely happens.
1. _____ I become President
2. _____ it gets dark
3. _____ the film finishes
4. _____ she passes her exam
5. _____ it doesn't rain tomorrow
6. _____ I wake up tomorrow
7. _____ you change your mind
8. _____ his parents die
9. _____ the bus stops
Ex. 2. Put the correct verb forms.
1. If you (say) that again, I (scream).
2. I (be) surprised if she (manage) to sell that car.
3. If the boys (come) to supper, I (cook) smth. tasty.
4. I (need) some money if we (go) out tonight.
5. I (miss) you if we (move) to Wales.
6. If you (wash) up, I (dry).
7. Ann (be) sorry if Helen (not come).
8. If you (get) lonely, I hope you (phone) me - any time.
9. If you (look) in the top drawer, you (find) your passport.
10. It (be) funny if Norman (get) the job.
11. If I was offered the job, I think I (take) it.
12. I’m sure Tom will lend you some money. I would be very surprised if he (refuse).
13. Many people would be out of work if that factory (close) down.
14. If she sold her car, she (not/get) much money for it.
15. They’re expecting us. They would be disappointed if we (not/come).
16. Would George be angry if I (take) his bike without asking?
17. Ann gave me this ring. She (be) terribly upset if I lost it.
18. If someone (walk) in here with a gun, I’d be very frightened.
19. What would happen if you (not/go) to work tomorrow?
20. I’m sure she (understand) if you explained the situation to her.
21. The kitchen (look) better if we (have) red curtains.
22. If I (know) his address, I (go) round and see him.
23. It (be) quicker if you (use) a computer.
24. If you (not be) so busy, I (show) you how to play.
25. If we (have) some eggs, I (make) you a cake.
26. If you really (love) me, you (buy) me those diamonds.
27. If it (not be) so cold, I (tidy) up the garden.
28. Where (you go) if you (need) to buy a picture frame?
29. It (be) nice if you (spend) some time with the children.
30. I (not do) this if I (not have) to.
Ex. 3. Make questions.
1. Perhaps one day somebody will give you a lot of money. – What would you do if…?
2. Perhaps one day a millionaire will ask you to marry him/her. – What would you do if…?
3. Perhaps one day you will lose your passport in a foreign country. – What …?
4. Perhaps one day somebody will throw an egg at you. – What …?
5. Perhaps one day your car will be stolen. – What …?
6. Perhaps one day somebody will park his car on your foot.
Ex. 4. Choose the most sensible verb form.
1. If I (live/lived) to be 70...
2. If I (live/lived) to be 150...
3. If I (am/were) better looking...
4. If I (wake /woke) up early tomorrow...
5. If Scotland (declares/declared) war on Switzerland...
6. If we (have/had) the same government in five years' time...
7. If everybody (gives/gave) ten per cent of their income to charity...
8. If everybody (thinks/thought) like me...
9. If there (is/was) nothing good on TV tonight...
10. If my English (is/was) better next year...
11. If the government (bans/banned) cars from city centres next year...
12. If I (have/had) bad dreams tonight...
Ex. 5. Put the beginnings and ends together, using if... were.
Example: If he were a better dancer, her feet wouldn't hurt.
| BEGINNINGS | ENDS |
| he / a better dancer | her feet wouldn't hurt. |
| I / a rabbit | I wouldn't be working. |
| I / forty years younger | I'd be quite pretty. |
| I / Moroccan | I'd give everybody ten weeks' holiday. |
| I / the manager | I'd go dancing all night. |
| it / not so cold | I'd go for a walk. |
| it / Sunday | I'd live in a hole. |
| my nose / shorter | I'd speak Arabic. |
| people / more sensible | life in the office would be easier. |
| she / better-tempered | there wouldn't be any wars. |
Ex. 6. Put in the correct verb forms.
1. If I (know) you were coming, I (invite) some friends in.
2. He (go) to university if his father (not be) ill.
3. If you (say) you weren't hungry, I (not cook) such a big meal.
4. The team (win) if John (play) better.
5. If they (not cut) off the electricity, I (finish) my work.
6. If Bell (not invent) the telephone, somebody else (do) it.
7. If you (not spend) so much time making up, we (not be) late.
8. The burglars (not get) in if you (remember) to lock the door.
9. If he (not be) a film star, he (not become) President.
10. If she (have) more sense, she (sell) her car years ago.
Ex. 7. Write sentence chains with if to show how things could have been different.
Example: If he hadn't worked so hard, he wouldn't have passed his exams. If he hadn't passed his exams, he wouldn't have gone to university....
1. He worked hard Þ passed exams Þ went to university Þ studied languages Þ learnt Chinese Þ went to China Þ went climbing in Tibet Þ tried to climb Everest Þ disappeared in a snowstorm
2. He bought a bicycle Þ went for ride in country Þ fell off Þ woke up in hospital Þ met beautiful nurse Þ wrote bestselling novel about her Þ got rich Þ married beautiful nurse Þ lived happily ever after If he hadn't bought a bicycle,...
3. Mary's mother went out that evening Þ Mary cooked for herself Þ got interested in cooking Þ opened very successful restaurant Þ had Prime Minister as customer Þ PM ordered mussels Þ mussels poisoned PM Þ PM died Þ Mary went to prison for life
Ex. 8 Which of these sentences can be rewritten with unless?
1 I'll be surprised if he doesn't have an accident soon.
2 It will be better if we don't tell her anything.
3 You can have the car tonight if Harriet doesn't need it.
4 I'll tell you if I can't come.
5 I'm going to dig the garden this afternoon if it doesn't rain.
6 She'd look nicer if she didn't wear so much make-up.
Ex. 9 A woman is packing to go on holiday in Austria. Make sentences:
SHE’S PACKING:
a German phrase book a thick sweater her address book
a pack of cards a swimsuit some books
a racket aspirins binoculars
walking boots
in case:
she decides to send postcards she has time to read
she meets people who play bridge she wants to go walking
the hotel has a heated pool the hotel staff don't speak English
the sun gives her a headache the weather is cold
there is a tennis court she wants to go bird-watching
Ex. 10 If or in case?
1. I'm taking my umbrella with me __ it rains.
2. I'll open the umbrella __ it rains.
3. People phone the fire brigade __ their houses catch fire.
4. People insure their houses __ they catch fire.
5. We have a burglar alarm __ somebody tries to break in.
6. The burglar alarm will go off __ somebody tries to break in.
7. I’ll let you know __ I need help.
8. I'll take the mobile phone __ I need to phone you.
Ex. 11 Write sentences beginning I wish… or If only…
1. He smokes. 2. I don’t speak Russian. 3. I haven’t got a car. 4. I’m not hard-working. 5. I’m bad at sport. 6. I don’t like dancing. 7. It rains all the time. 8. She works on Sundays. 9. I can’t eat eggs. 10. The radio doesn’t work.
Ex. 12 Write sentences beginning I wish … would…
1. Somebody won’t stop talking. (I wish he would stop talking.) 2. It’s not snowing. 3. The phone keeps ringing. 4. The baby won’t stop crying. 5. The kettle won’t boil. 6. The traffic lights won’t go green. 7. Your mother hasn’t written. 8. Pat hasn’t found a job. 9. The exam results haven’t come. 10. Spring hasn’t come.
Ex. 13 Put the beginnings and ends together, using I wish + past perfect.
Example: I wish I'd been nicer to my sister when we were kids.
| BEGINNINGS | ENDS |
| (be) nicer to my sister | a better school. |
| (choose) | a different career. |
| (do) more travelling | harder at university. |
| (go) to | last night. |
| (go) to bed earlier | my teeth. |
| (not get married) | the truth. |
| (not tell) him | when I had the chance. |
| (save) money | when I was eighteen. |
| (study) | when I was earning a good salary. |
| (take better care of) | when we were kids. |
Ex. 14 Open the brakets using suitable form of the verb.
1. I don't understand this point of grammar. I wish I (understand) it better. 2. It never stops raining here. I wish it (stop) raining. 3. I should never have said that. I wish I (not say) that. 4. I miss my friends. I wish my friends (be) here right now. 5. I speak terrible English. I wish I (speak) English well. 6. I cannot sleep. The dog next door is making too much noise. I wish it (keep) quiet. 7. This train is very slow. The earlier train was much faster. I wish I (catch) the earlier train. 8. I didn't see the TV programme but everybody said it was excellent. I wish I (see) it. 9. I went out in the rain and now I have a bad cold. I wish I (not go) out. 10. This movie is terrible. I wish we (go) to see another one. 11. I hate living in England. It's cold and it's damp. I wish I (live) in Spain. 12. I love California. I wish I (be) there right now. 13. My car is too small. I wish I (have) a bigger one. 14. I was only in Miami for a week. I wish I (have) more time there but I had to go on to New York. 15. My face is bright red. I wish I (not sit) in the sun so long yesterday. 16. It was supposed to be a secret. I wish you (not tell) him. 17. They didn't offer me the job. I wish they (offer) it to me. 18. You're always moaning about something or other. I wish you (shut up). 19. I hate having red hair. I wish I (have) blonde hair. 20. This exercise is very boring. I wish the teacher (give) us some more interesting things to do. 21. I live in a small house. I wish I (live) in a big one. 22. I drive a Renault. It's nice but I wish I (have) a Rolls Royce. 23. You're the best teacher I've ever had. I wish you (be) my teacher last year as well. 24. I don't like these shoes very much. I wish I (not buy) them. 25. You're not listening to me. I wish you (listen) to me. 26. The weather is awful. I wish it (stop) raining. 27. I can't come. I wish I (can/be able to) come. 28. I'd love to live in Paris. I wish I (live) in Paris. 29. All my friends are very rich. I wish I (be) rich. 30. I'm not very good-looking. I wish I (be) good-looking. 31. He's notarrived yet. I wish he (hurry) up. 32. I'm cold and miserable. I wish I (be) at home in bed. 33. I hate this war. I wish it (end). 34. He's a very rude man. I wish he (be) more polite. 35. I studied English at school but I never listened to the teacher. I wish I (pay) more attention. 36. I've no time to see you. I wish you (tell) me you were coming. 37. My husband always comes home late. I wish he (come) home early for a change. 38. I cannot concentrate. I wish you (stop) making so much noise. 39. I'd love to visit Orlando. I wish I (have) enough money to go there. 40. I hate my job. I wish I (do) something more interesting.
Ex.15 Put the expressions together to make conversations.
Example: ‘It’s time to go.’ ‘I’d rather stay at home.’
IT’S TIME TO
go out. clean the car. cook supper. get a new fridge.
get your hair cut. go home. invite the Harrises. see the dentist.
start work on the garden. plan our trip to Scotland.
I’D RATHER
stay at home. go on using the old one for a bit. keep it long. go to Wales.
have something cold. invite the Johnsons. stay here for a bit longer.
not clean it today. see her next year. start next week.
Ex. 16 Write sentences using It’s time you/he/etc.
1. You ought to clean that car. (It’s time you cleaned that car.) 2. She should get her hair cut. 3. We ought to have a holiday. 4. You need to cut the grass. 5. You should wash that sweater. 6. You ought to stop smoking. 7. He ought to grow up. 8. We ought to paint the kitchen. 9. He needs a new car. 10. That team hasn’t won a match for ages.
Ex. 17 Rewrite the second sentence in each conversation, starting with I’d rather we/you/etc.
1. ‘You’d better phone Judy.’ ‘No, you phone her.’ (I’d rather you phoned her.) 2. ‘Let’s talk things over.’ ‘No, let’s talk tomorrow.’ 3. ‘Shall I come at nine?’ ‘Ten would be better.’ 4. ‘I’ll phone Sue.’ ‘No, don’t.’ 5. ‘Can she work with you?’ ‘Why doesn’t she work with Maggie?’ 6. ‘I’ll cook tomorrow.’ ‘Tonight would be better.’ 7. ‘Ask that policeman.’ ‘You ask him.’ 8. ‘Mark wants to go out.’ ‘I’d prefer him to stay in.’ 9. ‘Can they use our sheets?’ ‘It would be more convenient if they brought their own.’ 10. ‘The government wants to cut taxes.’ ‘It would be better if they did something about the homeless.’
Write sentences beginning It’s time the government did something for/about…
Ex. 18 Translate into English.
1. Він не виконає це завдання, якщо воно буде занадто складним.
2. Якби в мене був гарний словник, я б витрачав менше часу на переклади.
3. Що б ви робили, якби були на моєму місці?
4. Якщо ви допоможете мені, я перекладу цей текст швидше.
5. Якби ваша пропозиція була отримана на минулому тижні, ми б прийняли її.
6. Мені подобається цей годинник. Якби він коштував дешевше, я б купив його.
7. Завтра ми поїдемо за місто, якщо тільки не буде дощу.
8. Вони могли б прийти раніше, якби їх не затримали.
9. Я упевнений, що ви б робили менше помилок, якби краще знали граматику.
10. Цього б не трапилося, якби ви були там.
11. Якщо ви не будете більше займатися, то вам буде важко здавати іспити.
12. На вашому місці я б вибрав іншу роботу.
13. Якби ви прийшли раніше, ви б ще застали моїх батьків.
14. Якби вирішення цього питання залежало від мене, я б допоміг вам.
15. Алан не прийняв би цю пропозицію, якби не мав потреби в грошах. (to be short of money)
16. Що ви зробите, якщо виграєте головний приз?
17. Він міг би відповідати краще, якби постарався.
18. Якби вони не відмовилися допомогти, ми б учора вже закінчили роботу.
19. Якби Дэнні виїхав завтра раніше, то він був би в Нью-Йорку вже до вечора.
20. Куди він поїде влітку? – В Італію, якщо в нього буде досить грошей.
21. Ви могли б піти з нами на концерт, якби захотіли.
22. Якби ви читали книгу, то ви б краще зрозуміли фільм.
23. Мені більше подобався б тутешній клімат, якби дощ не йшов так часто.
24. Якби я взяв із собою відеокамеру, то зняв би гарний фільм під час подорожі.
25. На вашому місці я б не сперечався.
26. Якби завдання було не таким складним, студенти виконали б його набагато швидше.
27. Ви, можливо, пройшли б співбесіду набагато успішніше, якби краще підготувалися до неї.
28. Якщо ви візьмете таксі, то встигнете його зустріти.
29. Якби не ти, я б міг витратити на це набагато більше часу.
30. Лорейн не вийшла б за нього заміж, якби не була упевнена в тім, що це буде гарний шлюб.
31. Леслі міг би грати тихіше, якби думав про тих, хто живе поруч.
32. Якби я був у місті, коли твій брат приїжджав, я б побачився з ним.
33. Я б не погодився на цю пропозицію, якби я був на місці Ларрі.
34. Якщо нас не буде вдома, коли ви зателефонуєте, то передзвоніть пізніше.
35. Я б не почав читати цю книгу, якби мені її не порекомендували.
36. Якби ми могли залишити з ким-небудь дитину, ми могли б піти в гості.
37. Не допомагайте йому, якщо тільки він сам вас про це не попросить.
38. Якби він не витрачав так багато грошей, йому не довелося б брати в борг.
39. Девід ніколи б не вступив до університету, якби не займався історією в школі.
40. Якщо вам не вистачає грошей, то прийдеться почекати з покупкою телевізора.
41. Він міг би стати знаменитістю, якби не відсутність честолюбства.
42. Якщо він не зможе нічого пояснити, його чекають великі неприємності.
43. Ніхто б не запідозрив його в крадіжці, якби він знищив відбитки пальців. (fingerprints)
44. Він не приїжджав би в це місто кожне літо, якби йому там не подобалося.
45. Якби нам не вдалося зловити таксі, ми, можливо, спізнилися б на літак.
46. Брайан купить нову машину, якщо не витратить гроші на що-небудь інше.
47. Якби ви попросили їх допомогти, вони б не відмовили вам.
48. Якби ви взяли таксі, ви б приїхали на вокзал вчасно.
49. Він міг би давно погодитися з нашою пропозицією, якби він не був таким упертим.
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