|
Читайте также: |
1. Leadership is the process by which an individual exerts influence over other people and inspires, motivates and directs their activities to help achieve group or organizational goals.
Leader is an individual who is able to exert influence over other people to help achieve group or organizational goals.
There are 5 types of power:
2.
The trait model of leadership focused on identifying those personal characteristics that cause effective leadership. Researchers thought effective leaders must have certain personal qualities that set them apart from ineffective leaders and from people who never become leaders.
| Trait | Description |
| Intelligence | Helps managers understand complex issues and solve problems |
| Knowledge and expertise | Helps managers make good decisions and discover ways to increase efficiency and effectiveness |
| Dominance | Helps managers influence their subordinates to achieve organizational goals |
| Self-confidence | Contributes to managers’ effectively influencing subordinates and persisting when faced with obstacles or difficulties |
| High energy | Helps managers deal with the many demands they face |
| Tolerance for stress | Helps managers deal with uncertainty and difficult decisions |
| Integrity and honesty | Helps managers behave ethically and earn their subordinates’ trust and confidence |
| Maturity | Helps managers avoid acting selfishly, control their feelings, and admit when they have made a mistake |
The behavior model: assumptions about workers’ attitudes and behavior affect managers’ behavior/
D. McGregor’s Theory X and Theory Y:
Theory X: negative assumptions about workers that lead to the conclusion that a manager’s task is to supervise them closely and control their behavior.
Theory Y: positive assumptions about workers that lead to the conclusion that a manager’s task is to create a work setting that encourages commitment to organizational goals and provides opportunities for workers to be imaginative and to exercise initiative and self-direction.
| Theory X | Theory Y |
| The average employee is lazy, dislikes work, and will try to do as little as possible | Employees are not inherently lazy. Given the chance, employees will do what is good for the organization |
| To ensure that employees work hard, managers should closely supervise employees | To allow employees to work in the organization’s interest, managers must create a work setting that provides opportunities for workers to exercise initiative and self-direction |
| Managers should create strict work rules and implement a well-defined system of rewards and punishments to control employees | Managers should decentralize authority to employees and make sure employees have the resources necessary to achieve organizational goals |
The Ohio State University Model:
Researches identify two basic kinds of leader behavior:
The University of Michigan Model:
Researches identify two basic kinds of leader behavior:
R. Blake and J. Mouton’s Managerial Grid:
Researches identify two basic kinds of leader behavior:
3.
Contingency models propose that the effectiveness of a leader depends on the situation in which the leader finds him or her.
F. Fiedler’s contingency model:
Fiedler identified three situational characteristics:
House’s Path-Goal theory is a contingency model of leadership proposing that leaders can motivate subordinates by identifying their desired outcomes, rewarding them for high performance and the attainment of work goals with their desired outcomes, and clarifying for them the paths leading to the attainment of work goals.
Дата добавления: 2014-12-15; просмотров: 198 | Поможем написать вашу работу | Нарушение авторских прав |