There are many organizations which do not specify the type of person they require. They give the details of a job in a job specification. J.S.- a detailed statement of the physical and mental activities involved in the job. It is usually expressed interms of behavior. There are 5 the most imp.:
Unskilled (do not require any previous experience) They are boring, repetitive, poorly paid- cliners, promoter.
Mechanical and motor skilled (more complex the machine, more skilled the operator must be)-waiter, drivers, builder.
Intelligence and knowledge (require high level of motor skill, intelligence, aptitude, knowledge)-engineer, teachers.
Administrative or managerial skill (require knowledge, understanding of the function within organization, ability to motivate people. Also: must be able to organize nonhuman resources)- lawyer, high manager.
Decision making skills and initiative (require people with enterprise, initiative in order to survive)-top managers.
2) Management: art or science. Soft and hard skills of a manager.
- The function of management is becoming more complex. Most firms were production oriented. The modern manager must now consider the environment in which the organisation operates (must have a good understanding of management principles, general knowledge, he must posses the ability to analyze complex problems, must be sensitive and responsive to the environment) It is combination of art and science.
- Knowledge (science) without skill (art) is useless, or dangerous:
- Skill (art) without knowledge (science) means stagnancy and inability to pass on learning
Management education can provide training in the so-called "hard" skills such as international marketing and finance and in the so-called "soft" skills such as international relationships.
"hard" skill are include an understanding of the global economy and foreign business systems, international marketing, international financial management, political risk analysis and the ability to analyze and develop global strategies.
"soft" skill areas such as communication, leadership, motivation, decision-making, team-building and negotiation. The international manager must not only to be aware of how foreign cultures affect organizational behaviour and management style, but also to understand how their own culture affects their own style.
3) Managers’ roles (be ready to comment on all the roles).
Manager must fill various roles:
1Figurehead role- open ceremonies, entertaining partners, sign documents.(номинальная)
2Leadership role- direct, motivate, inspire, involve subordinates and reduce conflicts.
3Liason role-(связывающая) coordinate all levels of managers.
4Monitor role- maintain interpersonal contacts, collect reports, observe.
5Representative role- represent the unit to outsiders in speech and reports.
6Decisional role- initiate new projects, develop new method techniques.
7Disterbance Handler role(урегулятор проблем)-take corrective actions during the crisis, adapt to changes.
8Resource Allocator role(распред. Ресурсов)- human and non – human. Decide who gets resources, schedule, budget.
9Negotiator role- represents departments during negotiation.
4. Managers’ skills (be ready to comment on all the skills).
Effectiveness of a manager's activity depends on certain important skills. They can be divided into seven different categories: conceptual, decision making, analytic, administrative, communicational, interpersonal and technical.
A conceptual skill is the ability of a manager to see the "general picture" of an organization. Managers must understand how their duties and the duties of other managers fit together to plan their activity. This skill is very important for top managers because it helps them plan "super goals" and develop proper strategies for the whole organization.
A decision making skill is the ability of a manager to choose the best course of actions of two or more alternatives. In short, managers are responsible for the most important decisions which are required to carry out any organizational activity.
An analytic skill is the ability to determine the most important problem of many other and identify the causes of each problem before implementing a proper action plan. Important for top managers because they have to solve complex problems.
An administrative skill is the ability of a manager to keep to the organizational rules specified for the production process, within a limited budget, and coordinate the flow of information and paper work.
A communicational skill is the ability of a manager to share his ideas and opinions with other people both orally and in writing. Is a decisive factor of a manager's success(80% of time in communicating),it enables managers to hold meetings, write clear letters and explanatory notes, make reports.
An interpersonal skill (psychological skill) is the ability to deal effectively with other people both inside and outside the organization(to understand the needs and motives of other people). Important for a good psychological atmosphere for successful activity in the common work in future.
A technical skill is a specific competence to accomplish a task. The lower need high technical skills to provide technical guidance for the subordinates. Top; managers don't need these skills as much as first-line managers but the knowledge of the technical sphere is useful for all managers.
5) Managers’ functions.
2 main: Plaining and organising
1Plaining- involves selecting objectives and the actions to achieve them, include decision making(is choosing future course of action from among alternatives. Before making decision it is necessary to study, analyze). Plaining bridges a gap where we are to where we want to be.
2Organizing- it is that pert of managing that involves establishing an international structure of roles for people to fill in an organization(it is essential for defining the kind of job and finding the people to do it)
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