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The old Germanic languages, their classification and principal features.
OLD GERMANIC:
§ East-germanic
o Gothic
o Vandalic
o Burgudean
§ North-germanic
o O. Norwegian
o O. Danish
o O. Swedish
o O. Icelandic
§ West-germanic
o High germanic
o Anglo-Saxon
o Franconic
o Old English
o Old Dutch
Gothic is extremely important as The Gothic Gostel is considered to be the first written text connected with Germanic languages and other European languages.
The first group is dead, but vandalic had similar features with Spain and burgudean with French.
The second group (north-germanic) – was not until the 10th cent, it was called “old Norse” (древне северный). After the 10th cent. North split into O. Norwegian, O. Danish, O. Swedish, O. Icelandic. Historically the most important is O. Icelandic:
1. it had the largest body of written records, dated back to 12-13 cent. (the Elder Edda, the Younger Edda, numerous sagas).
2. Icelandic had retained a more archaic grammar and vocabulary than many other G. Lang.
The third group (west-germanic) consists of 5 members:
1. O.English → Mid. English → Mod. English.
2. O. Frisian → Frisian.
3. O. Saxon → Low G. dialects (Wothern)
4. O. Low Franconian → M. Dutch: Netherlandish, Africans.
5. O. High German → Middle High German → Mod. German (Yiddish).
Principal features:
Old German languages show differences in comparison with other European Lang on 3 main linguistic levels: grammatical, phonetic and lexical.
Grammatical level – the most important innovation in G. was the emergence of the new types of verbs – “weak”, past tense with the dental suffix –d-: open – opened, work – worked.
Phonetic peculiarities – 1) accent (word stress) in IE was free and musical; in protogerm. Accent become fixed on the root syllable and dynamic, 2) Grimm’s law.
2. Numerals: cardinal and ordinal numerals from 1 to 3 are declined from 4 – 19 are usually invariable if they used as attribute to a substantive. Numerals denoting tens have their genitive in –es- or in –a-, -ra-, Dative in –un-.
1. The numeral ān is declined as a strong adj.
2. muscul. “twegen” neut tū, twā, fem. twā.
3. the word “both” begen, bū is declined in the same way as twegen, tū.
The ordinal numerals, with the exeption of ōÞer “2-nd” are declined as weak adjectives.
ōÞer “2-nd” is declined as a strong adj.
ME cardinal numerals developed from OE.
The chronological division of the history of English. General characteristics of each period.
The division of the History of English into periods is based on 2 principles.
1. extra linguistic – cardinal changes in the history of people.
2. linguistic proper – cardinal changes in the structure and status of the language itself.
Roughly covers 12 centuries. It’s divided into 3 periods. The traditional division is based on the phonetics and grammatical principles (Henry Sweet)
1. Old English (500 – 1100) – no reduction of inflexion.
a. Early OE (prewritten OE) from 450 – 700.
b. OE (written OE) 700 – 1066.
2. Middle English (1100 – 1500) – reduced inflexions, unstressed endings.
a. Early ME 1066 – 1350
b. ME (classical) 1350 - 1475
3. Modern English (1500 -...) loss of inflexion.
a. Early New English 1476 – 1660
b. Normalization Period 1660 – 1800 (age of correctness, Neo-Classical period)
c. Late NE/Mod E (including 1800 – present day English)
OE was spoken on a small territory and number of speakers was ≈ 1 mln. There were 4 dialects of OE language.
1. Northumbrian
(north of r .): anglian
2. Mercian
(between r. Thames): dialects
3. Kentish – the peninsula of Kent – spoken by Juts, Frisian.
4. Wessex – West Saxons. Since king Alfred, when Wessex became the most powerful kingdom, Wessex dialect became popular and got the status of written standard. Most OE written record are in Wessex d.
Middle English:
1. Northumbrian → North;
2. Mercian → East Midland, West Midland;
3. Kentish
4. Wessex → South Western.
East Midland became the modern language, was spoken not far from London → modern national English.
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