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Negation in the history of English.

OE belong to lang. which can have more than one negation (polynegation). The main negator was NE, which was usually placed before the verb. As a result of this regular pre-verb position NE often fused with such verbs as: bēon, habban, willan, witan (знать).

ne + is = nis

ne + wat = hat (не знаю) ne + vowel or W or N

ne + wylle = nylle (не хочу)

OE: ne + verb

ME: V + not (nat)

not (nat) < ne + with (вещь)

‘-‘ + ‘-‘ = ‘+’. (Walles – grammarian)

(2 minuses make plus).

The OE vowel system. Major changes during the OE period.

Short: [ĭ, ĕ, æﬞ, ŭ, ŏ, ă] - ĭ, ŭ – high, ĕ, ŏ – mid,

æﬞ, ă – low.

Long: [ī, ē, æ‾, ū, ō, ā]

This system existed before breaking took place in the 5^th cent. BREAKING is a process which led to the split of the short front vowels into diphthongs.

Early OE OE eg.

Before ll æﬞ → æa irre → iorre

L + other cons. æﬞ: → æa: ærm → earm

(arm)

n + other cons ĕ → eo melcan → meol-

kan (milk)

r+ other cons ĭ → ĭo before rr/hh

I-MUTATION it took place in all Germanic languages in VI – VIII cent, except Gothic. It is a case of regressive assimilation with –i- or semivowel ‘j’. Eg: kuning – c y ning (король), fulljan – fūllan (fill – full). fōti – fōel (foot). We find traces of i-mutation in: foot – feet, goose – geese, blood – bleed. 4 new phonems appear y‾˘, œ‾˘.

Back mutation (o, u, a –umland) took place in the 8^th cent. It influenced front short vowels → appearance of short diphthongs. Phonetically it’s regressive assimilation.

I → io Eg: hefon → heofon (heaven).

e → eo

æ → æα

The OE numeral and its futher development.

Numerals:

1. declined (1-3);

2. 4 -19 – invariable if used as attributes to a subjunctive; 4 – 19 – declined, if used without substantive.

3. denoting tense have their Gen. in –es/-a, -ra. Dat. in –um.

4. the numeral ān is declined as a strong adj.

5. The word ‘both’ begen, pū, pā is declined in the same way as ‘twegen, tu, tuā’.

6. The ordinal numerals, with the exception of ōþer ‘2^nd’ are declined as weak adj. This word is declined as a strong adj. ME cardinal numerals developed from OE.

The OE adverb and its further development.

OE adverbs:

1. primary – have not been derived from any other part of speech. Eg: þa (then); þær (there), oft (often), swā (so).

2. secondary – derived from other part of speech. Eg: hwīlum (sometimes).

Adverbs had degrees of comparison; the same suffixes as were used to build the degrees of compare of adjectives. Eg: wīde – wīdor – wīdost (widely).

Some adverbs form their degrees of compare. by means of mutation of the root vowel. Eg: well – betre – best (well);

In ME some adverbs derived from OE adv by means of adding the suffixes.

-e – bright – brighte;

-ly – special – specially.

Appeared phrase of the type more, most.

-LY in ME the only productive adverb forming suffix. Adv with –e- suffix lost –e- become understinguish. from adject. Eg: fast, loud.