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Political spectrum ranges from liberal on the left to extremely conservative on the right.
(John.J Macionis, Kenyon College)
A political spectrum is a way of modeling different political positions by placing them upon one or more geometric axes symbolizing independent political dimensions.
Most long-standing spectra include a right wing and left wing, which originally referred to seating arrangements in the 18th century French parliament. According to the simplest left-right axis, communism and socialism are usually regarded internationally as being on the left, opposite fascism and conservatism on the right. Liberalism can mean different things in different contexts, sometimes on the left, sometimes on the right.
However, researchers have frequently noted that a single left-right axis is insufficient in describing the existing variation in political beliefs, and often include other axes. Though the descriptive words at polar opposites may vary, often in popular biaxial spectra the axes are split between cultural issues and economic issues, each scaling from some form of individualism (or government for the freedom of the individual) to some form of communitarians (or government for the welfare of the community). In this context, the left is often considered individualist (or libertarian) on social/cultural issues and communitarian (or populist) on economic issues, while the right is often considered communitarian (or populist) on social/cultural issues and individualist (or libertarian) on economic issues. The political spectrum helps us understanding two types of issues.
Ш Economic issues
Ш Social issues
Ш Economic issues:
It focuses on economic inequality. Economic liberals support both extensive government regulations of the economy and a larger welfare state in order to reduce income inequality, the government can reduce inequality by taxing the rich more heavily and providing more benefits to the poor. Economics conservatives want to limit the hand of government in the economy and allow market forces more freedom, claiming that this produces more jobs and makes the economy more productive.
Ш Social issues:
Social Issues are matters which directly or indirectly affect a person or many members of a society and are considered to be problems, controversies related to moral values, or both. Under certain models of political issues, they are seen as distinct from economic issues. Some of the major social issues include:
· Abortion
· Age of consent
· Ageism
· Affirmative action
· Assimilation
· Bullying
· Capital punishment
· Civil rights
· Corporal punishment
· Crime
· Disability rights
· Discrimination
· Divorce
· Drug laws
· Education and school leaving age
· Family values
Social liberals support equal rights and opportunities for all categories of people, view abortion as a matter of individual choice, and oppose the death penalty because it has been unfairly applied to minorities. The family values agenda of social conservative supports traditional gander roles and opposes gay marriages, affirmative actions, and other special programs for minorities. Social conservative condemn abortion as morally wrong and support the death penalty.
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