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a) Prague school
The phoneme idea was further developed by linguistic society of Prague. Among the linguists of this society were are number of well-known scholars who’s works is specially those which were published between 1929 and 1939 created quite a revolution in linguistics. Of these the works of A.S. Trubeckoy attracted the attention of most linguists. Trubeckoy first become acquainted with the phoneme theory through the work of Baudouine and Scerba, which he was studying in university of Moscow and as a member of a Moscow linguistic society. He himself sais the following: that although has deviated (отклонился) from the systems both from of Baudouine and Scerba doesn’t approve the definitions of the phoneme as formulated by them yet he admits that his present point of view, which he shares with Jacobson are development of sensual points of these 2 systems.
The main point of Trubeckoy theory are:
1. The separation of phonetics and phonology.
2. The theory of phonological oppositions.
3. The theory of arch -phoneme.
According to Trubeckoy phonology is a linguistic science and it concerned only with distinctive feature of language which are connecting with meaning, while phonetic is a biological science with the sounds of language, as they are pronounced and heard. Trubeckoy writes: the only aim of phonetic is to answer the question how these or that sound pronounce. Phonetics investigates the material sight of language. What concerned phonology he says that it should investigate:
1. Which sound feature in a given language are distinctive.
2. What connection there is between those distinctive elements.
3. According to what rules they may be combined into words and sentences.
He express his idea of the separation between phonetic and phonology still in more clear way. “A phonetician should study sounds without taking into account the meaning of what he said, A philologist should take into account only those feature which have a definite function in language.
b) The London phonological school
The London school of phonology is headed by professor Daniel Jones of London and is considered to represent the physical conception of the phoneme. Professor John’s views of phonetics are expressed in number of his works. In the “monograph” the phoneme it’s nature and duce Daniel John’s writes that the idea of the phoneme was first introduce to him in 1911 by professor Scerba of Leningrad.
He prefers the original mertolistic of the phoneme but he finds it unconvinced in practiced purposes. His own definition runs us follows: “A phoneme is a family of sounds in a given language which are related in character and used in such a way that no one member ever occurs in a word in the same phonetic contests as any other members”.
Daniel John’s doesn’t mentioned the distinctive function of the phoneme but dwell open it later on. At the same time he infacaises the fact that different members of the same phoneme are mutually explosive. For example the sound [K] that is used in word ‘keep” cannot be used in word “call”. His theory may be called atomistic. He breaks up his phoneme into atoms as it were and considers different features of phonemes as independent phenomena. Thus if we speak of different features is quell to talking about phones. The number of which formulate the corresponding phoneme. He also speaks of different degrees of length. At the same time he distinguished tone and different degrees of stress. The atomistic conception of the phoneme is not very convinced. And in this case D. John’s shows the influence of Trubetzkoy.
c) The American phonological school
The phoneme theory in the US haded by Edward Sapiar and Leonard Bloomfield may be also characterized as structuralism. American structuralism based on behaviorism. Its essence is revealed in a following quotation “The linguistic processes of the main as such are simply observaten and introspection (самоанализ) about linguistic processes and introspection is notoriously a fire in a wooden stone. Our only information about the mind is deright on the behavior of individual, whom it in habit.”. The American trained become more inclined to obstrectional views.
d) The Copenhagen trained
This trained is represented by L. Hjelsmlev. To his, the language is a system of signs, it’s like a code, like any other code that is used by a human community. A language is a structure, a semiotic “a system of signs” and he might be able to understand it structure better if he knew more about it specific structure of non-linguistic semiotics. The Copenhagen trained tries to represent all linguistic phenomena as a serious of “relations” and “mathematical ratios” R. Jacobson and H. Halle turn this approach to linguistic problems, algebraic. Hjelmslev views however as well as those of the American descriptivism had considerable influence in Soviet Union.
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