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INFORMATION ON THE GERMAN HIGHER EDUCATION
SYSTEM 1
Types of Institutions and Institutional Status
Higher education (HE) studies in Germany are offered at three types of
Higher Education Institutions (HEI). 2
- Universitäten (Universities) including various specialized institutions,
offer the whole range of academic disciplines. In the German tradition,
universities focus in particular on basic research so that advanced
stages of study have mainly theoretical orientation and research-oriented
components.
- Fachhochschulen (Universities of Applied Sciences) concentrate their
study programmes in engineering and other technical disciplines,
business-related studies, social work, and design areas. The common
mission of applied research and development implies a distinct
application-oriented focus and professional character of studies, which
include integrated and supervised work assignments in industry,
enterprises or other relevant institutions.
- Kunst- und Musikhochschulen (Universities of Art/Music) offer studies
for artistic careers in fine arts, performing arts and music; in such fields
as directing, production, writing in theatre, film, and other media; and in a
variety of design areas, architecture, media and communication.
Higher Education Institutions are either state or state-recognized
institutions. In their operations, including the organization of studies and
the designation and award of degrees, they are both subject to higher
education legislation.
Types of Programmes and Degrees Awarded
Studies in all three types of institutions have traditionally been offered in
integrated "long" (one-tier) programmes leading to Diplom - or Magister
Artium degrees or completed by a Staatsprüfung (State Examination).
Within the framework of the Bologna-Process one-tier study
programmes are successively being replaced by a two-tier study system.
Since 1998, a scheme of first- and second-level degree programmes
(Bachelor and Master) was introduced to be offered parallel to or instead
of integrated "long" programmes. These programmes are designed to
provide enlarged variety and flexibility to students in planning and
pursuing educational objectives, they also enhance international
compatibility of studies.
For details cf. Sec. 8.4.1, 8.4.2, and 8.4.3 respectively. Table 1 provides
a synoptic summary.
8.3 Approval/Accreditation of Programmes and Degrees
To ensure quality and comparability of qualifications, the organization of
studies and general degree requirements have to conform to principles
and regulations established by the Standing Conference of the Ministers
of Education and Cultural Affairs of the Länder in the Federal Republic of
Germany (KMK).3 In 1999, a system of accreditation for programmes of
study has become operational under the control of an Accreditation
Council at national level. All new programmes have to be accredited
under this scheme; after a successful accreditation they receive the
quality-label of the Accreditation Council.4
Table 1: Institutions, Programmes and Degrees in German Higher Education
Integrated/Long (One-Tier) Programmes Doctorate
Transfer Procedures
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