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The Political System of the USA

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The USA is a federal union of 50 states. The basic law is the constitution, adopted in 1787, which prescribes the structure of national government and lists its rights and fields of authority. Each state has its government and all of them have the dual character of both Federal and State government. The political system of the USA is divided into three branches: judicial, legislative and executive. Each branch holds a certain degree of power over the others, and all take part in the governmental process.

The constitution of the US was adopted after the War of Independence on the 17th of September 1787. It lists the set of rules, which provide the practical norms, regulating the work of the government. The main principle underline the constitution was as follows: "Private property is the backbone of liberty". It was put forward by a rich plantation owner from Virginia James Madison, who is known to be a father of the constitution.

The legislative branch. Supreme legislative power in the American government lies with Congress: the Senate, the upper house; and the House of the Representatives - the Lower House. Each state has its own government - State Assemblies. According to the constitution of the USA, all citizens of both sexes over 18 years of age have a right of voting. The main task of Congress is to make federal laws, to levy federal taxes, to make rules for trade, to corn money, to organize Armed forces, to make amendments to the constitution or put foreign treaties into effect.

The Senate is composed of 100 members - two from each of 50 states, who are elected for a term of 4 years. Although congressional elections take place every two years, only 1/3 of the Senate is reelected. A Senator must be at least 30ty years old, a citizen of the USA for 9 years and a resident of the state from which he is elected. Democrats sit in the western part of the chamber - on right of Vice-president. Republicans sit on his left. Vice-president presides over the Senate and conducts debates. The Senate is stable and more conservative than the House of Representatives and many Senators are more experienced politicians.

The House of Representatives has 450 members. The number of Representatives depends on the population of each state. A Representative must be at least 25 years age, a US citizen for 7 years and live in the state from which he is elected. Democrats sit on the Speakers right, republicans - on his left. The Speaker presides over the House and conducts debates. The Speaker, like Vice-president, may vote. Most of the Congressmen are layers, businessman and bankers. The American press as an unrepresentative institution sometimes criticizes the US Congress.

Lobbyists. Often discussing Congress of the USA, the third chamber is mentioned. It's a specific American phenomenon called lobbies. Today ifs big corporations, social organizations, foreign diplomats, who try to influence lawmaking process in their favor. This is done with the help of lobbyists. Practically lobbyism (backstage influence in legislation) has become legal, it means, that the passing of a bill can be prevented, if it doesn’t suit the interests of a definite group of big business. Lobbyists make all themselves legislative councils. More and more people realize that legislation is shaped as much by the hidden influences, as by the public debates.

 




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