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The scientific prose style (the substyle of popular scientific prose).

manuals, monographs, articles, presentations, theses, dissertations, etc. The aim of the sc prose style is to prove a hypothesis, to create new concepts, to disclose the internal laws of existence, development, relations between different phenomena. Sc prose is objective, precise, lucid, and unemotional, devoid of any individuality; there is also a striving for the most generalized form of expression and logicality.

Objectivity is gained by the use of quotations, references, digressions, “we” instead of “I”, passive constructions, it-sentences, non-finite verb forms(participial, gerundial, infinitive complexes), generalizations(the linguists would say here…)

Logical sequence is obtained by use of extended system of connectives, extended complex & compound sent with subordinate clauses, homogeneous members)

Lucidity – terms, neologisms, formulas.

The addressee factor is an important factor for singling out the substyle of popular sc prose.

Popular scientific texts address the audience at large, anyone whom the topic may concern or interest. That is why, even containing many of the enumerated styleforming features, popular scientific texts abound in 1) explanations that accompany terms, 2) illustrative examples from everyday life. 3) lowered in style, more digestible 4)use of expressive means (em coloured wds, expressive syntax:gradation, antithesis, rhetorical?, parallel constructions; lexical SD (metaphors, similies); 5) colloquial elements.

So, they stand close to the language of everyday speech and analytical journalistic texts.

20. The style of oratory.

Acc to Galperin, oratory and speeches make an oral subdivision of the publicist style.

Persuasion, or the brain washing function, is the most obvious purpose of oratory.

3 grades of oratory: 1)lowest gr: aimes at & pleasing the audience (inaugural speech); 2)higher gr: not only pleasing but informing, instructing, persuading. 3) gr: greatly influencing, convincing, arousing interest, the orator leads the audience to act in accordance with the expressed cause.

For this the most powerful instrument of persuasion, the human voice, is brought into play. Not infrequently the speaker uses gestures.

Its major traits are: 1) Phonographic: the change of intonation (it breaks the monotony of the intonation pattern, revives the attention of the listeners, conveys the shades of meaning, overtones and emotions); rhyme, alliteration, assonance, rhythm (to reinforce the other SD); typographic techniques (italics, in capital letters, spacing out, bold type).

2)Lexical: elevated and bookish words; colloquial wds (to make the speech less formal); metaphor, allusion, irony; emotive wds,; ready-made phrases or clichés;

3)Syntactical: the use of repetitions (to keep in focus the object of thought, to persuade the audience, to add weight to speaker’s opinion); climax, suspense, antithesis, parallelism, frequent use of rhetorical? &interrogatives (which promote a closer contact with the audience, revive & keep attention), direct address (special obligatory forms open up and end an oration, My Lords; Mr. President;; Ladies and Gentlemen; at the end of his speech the speaker usu thanks the audience for their attention)

4)Morphological: the use of the 1st person pronouns I, we; the use of the 2nd and 3rd person pronouns you and they in the generalizing function; contractions;