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PIPELINE COMPONENTS

1. Pipeline networks are composed of several pieces of equipment that operate together to move products from location to location. The main elements that form a pipeline system can be summarized as follows:

2. Initial Injection Station – Known also as Supply or Inlet station, is basically the beginning of the system, this is where the product is injected into the line. Storage facilities, such as tank terminals, as well as other devices to push the product through the line, like pumps or compressor are usually located at these locations.

3. Compressor/Pump Stations – Pumps for liquid pipelines and compressors for gas pipelines are located along the line to help move the product through the pipeline. The location of these stations is defined by the topography of the terrain, the type of product being transported, or operational conditions of the network.

Pipeline Scheme

4. Partial Delivery Station – Known also as Intermediate Stations, these facilities allow the pipeline operator to deliver part of the product being transported.

5. Block Valve Station – These are the first line of protection for pipelines. With these valves the operator can isolate any segment of the line to perform some specific maintenance work or isolate a rupture or leak. Block valve stations are usually located every 20 to 30 miles, depending of the type of the pipeline. Even though it is not a design rule, it is a very usual practice in liquid pipelines. Overall the location of these stations depends exclusively on the nature of the product being transported, the trajectory of the pipeline and/or the operational conditions of the pipeline.

6. Regulatory Station – This is a special type of valve station, where the operator can release some of the pressure built into the line. Regulators are usually located at the downhill side of a peak.

7. Final Delivery Station – Known also as Outlet stations or Terminals, is where the product will be distributed to the final consumer. It could be a tank terminal for liquid pipelines or a connection to a distribution network for gas pipelines.

XI. Retell the text using the scheme.

UNIT 8