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Analyze the following conversation: (A man, woman and child are having dinner in a South Philadelphia diner). Answer “questions for analysis in the right column”
| Conversation | Questions for analysis |
| Waitress: (to woman:) what're ya havin', dear? Woman: I'll have the prime rib with baked potato. Waitress: How d'ya like the steak done? Woman: Medium rare. Waitress: On your salad? Woman: Blue cheese. Waitress: (to boy:) ok how 'bout you, sweetheart? Child: I'll have a cheeseburger with fries and a coke. Waitress: O—kay! (to man:) how `bout you, sir? Man: I'll have the spaghetti and meatballs. Waitress: On your salad? Man: Ranch. Waitress: To drink? Man: A glass of that.. you know… as usual. Waitress: O—kaaay, we'll get started on that. | What kinds of `standard' and `non-standard' speech is exhibited in the conversation? What kinds of address forms are used by the various participants in this conversation? In which order does the server address the others, and why? Why do some of the participants never use any address forms; do you see this as impoliteness, or a lack of deference on their part? What communication strategies are used by the participants? |
Exploratory task 1.13
Analyze the communicative functions of “refusal” in speech and match examples of “refusal” with the “communicative message” that these examples express.
| Communicative message | Examples |
| Direct refusal Inability Regret Wish Reason Alternative wish Condition Promise Principle Philosophy Doubt Avoidance of the subject | I can't I am sorry I wish I could I refuse I have a headache I'd prefer to … One can't be lucky twice Well, I am not sure Look! There's something strange in here. If you asked me earlier … Next time I never do business with friends |
(Adapted from Ellis, R. 1994. The Study of Second Language Acquisition. OUP. 168-179)
In order to be successful in oral communication, one needs communication skills. Essential among them are “social skills” or skills in co-operating with people. Social skills are also known as co-operative rules. They are often quoted as the rules of effective communication or “the four maxims of successful communication”: quality (say only what is supported by evidence), quantity (say no more and no less than you think is needed), relevance (say what is relevant to the point of communication), manner (present your ideas clearly an unambiguously) (Brown, G. and G.Yule. 1983. Teaching the Spoken Language. CUP. P. 71).
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