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Kyiv is one of the oldest cities of Europe, it is considered to be more than 1,500 years old. Kyiv's beginning go back to the Stone Age. As a legend said Kyiv has been founded by three brothers, Kyi, Shchek and Khoriv and their sister Lybid. They founded a city on the hills above the Dniper and called it Kyiv after the older brother. It is believed that Kyi did exist - that he was a Prince of a Poliane tribe and lived in the 7th.
In 882 A.D. Prince Oleg of Novgorod, having seized Kyiv, was known to have said: "This will be the mother of all Russian towns!" The Novgorod principality united with that of Kyiv, and the town was made the capital of a united Rus state. The lands of Kyivan Rus soon covered a large territory from the Black Sea to Lake Lagoda and from the Volga to the Western Bug. By the 1000's Kyiv became one of the largest cities in Europe. Kyiv and the Kyivan Rus reached the height of its flowering and might under Prince Yaroslav the Wise. The city played an important role in the development of language, literature, painting, architecture and applied arts and was known as the rival of Constantinople. In 1037 Yaroslav the Wise founded a new cathedral, which was named after Sophia. The Cathedral became the center of the state's social and cultural life.
Kyiv remained the capital for nearly three centuries. Gradually other feudal centers came into being. The independent princes undermined the authority of the Grand Duke of Kyiv and led to destination.
Kyiv's history is full dramatic events and heroic deeds. In December 1240 the Mongol-Tatar forces led by Khan Batiy besieged Kyiv. Mongol invaders destroyed much of the city in 1240. It was only by the miracle that the Cathedral of St. Sophia, St. Michel's Monastery and the Golden Gate survived the invasion half-ruined. The Mongol-Tatars ruled Kyiv more than a century.
Kyiv was rebuilt in the 1300's. It came under Lithuanian rule in 1362 and under Polish rule in 1569. In 1648 the uprising of the Ukrainian peasants grew into the war of liberation led by Bogdan Khmelnytsky. Russia regained control of Kyiv in 1654 after the Pereyaslav Rada adopted a decision on the reunification of Ukraine and Russia.
In 1793 the two part of Ukraine united within the Russian State and in 1797 Kyiv became the capital of the Kyiv, Volhynia and Podillia Provinces. In 19th century Kyiv became the chief center of the economic, political and cultural life of Ukraine. In 1805 the first theatre was opened. Kyiv University was inaugurated in 1834. In January.846 the "Cyril and Methodius" Society was founded in Kyiv. Taras Shevchenko, the outstanding Ukrainian poet, was the leader of its wing.
After the fall of tsarism in 1917-1918 the Provisional Government and the Central Rada under M.S. Grushevsky (1866-1934) established in Kyiv. In 1918-1920 Kyiv became the scene of the fierce battles of the civil war.
In 1934 Kyiv became the capital of the Ukrainian Republic and the Government was transferred from Kharkiv. From 1941 to 1943, during World War II, the city "vas occupied by the German army and was badly damaged. Kyiv was liberated on the 6th of November 1943. Later it was rebuilt after the war and has grown rapidly.
Kyiv of today is a principal centre of both heavy and light industry, where equipment is manufactured for the food, chemical, woodworking and printing industries, as well as for hospitals and power stations. Nowadays Kyiv is also the scientific and cultural centre of Ukraine. Many research institutes and higher educational establishments are to be found here.
Every last Sunday of May Kyivites celebrate the day of Kyiv.
(V.L.Polupan and A.P.Polupan)
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