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1. What is the main idea of Komissarov’s theory of translation equivalence level? (theory of translation equivalence level)
According to Komissarov’s theory of translation equivalence level the translation process fluctuates passing from formal inter-language transformations to the domain of conceptual interrelations.
2. What is translation according to Retsker? Catford & Firth?
Y. Retsker maintains that any two languages are related by “regular” correspondences (words, word-building patterns, syntactical structures) and “regular” ones.
The irregular correspondences can’t be formally represented and only translator’s knowledge and intuition can help to find the matching formal expression in the target language for a concept expressed in the source language
According to J.Firht, in order to bridge languages in a process of translation, one must use the whole complex of linguistic and extra linguistic information rather than limit oneself to purely linguistic objects and structures.
In compliance with J.Catford interprets translation as multi-level process. He distinguishes between “total” and “restricted” translation – In compliance with “total” translation all levels of the source text are replaced by those of target one, whereas in “restricted” translation the substitution happens at only one level.
3. What is translation ranking?
Translation ranking – theories that divide the translation process into different levels theories.
4. What translation ranks do you know?
Rank of translation – a certain set of translation tools characteristic of certain level.
Rank bound – a translation performed using that or another set of tools.
5. What relationship is there between the approaches to translation & types of relations?
The hierarchy of these methods may be different depending on the type translation.
| Translation Type | Translation Method priorities |
| Oral Consecutive | Denotative, Communicational |
| Oral Simultaneous | Transformational, Communicational |
| Written (general & technical) | Transformational |
| Written (fiction & poetry) | Denotative |
In oral consecutive translation priority is given to denotative method, because a translator is first listening to the speaker and only after some time formulates the translation, which is very seldom a structural copy of the source speech.
In simultaneous translation as opposed to consecutive priority is given to direct transformations since a simultaneous interpreter simply has no time for conceptual analysis.
In written translation priority is also given to simple transformations (with exception of poetic translation). This is no contradiction, just the path of least resistance in action- it is not worthwhile to resort to complex methods unless simple ones fail.
In any translation we observe a combination of different methods
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