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Competition acts in the economy like a pressure cooker (1) in the kitchen. It exerts pressure on people and speeds up results because it forces people to make greater efforts even when profits cannot motivate them.
A private enterprise economy (2) faces the difficult task of obtaining the best possible performance without pressure. A dictatorship may issue government orders under threats of punishment. A democratic system uses different and more effective methods. We know from raising children (3) that some children do their best when we promise them candy as a reward. Others respond better when they see how Johnny does it, and then want to do the same. The first group is motivated by profit, the other by competition.
The opportunity for greater profit becomes a less effective incentive (4) as businessmen reach a position of comfort and satisfaction. When a successful man grows older, he may be perfectly satisfied with his business. He hopes to get profit from his business but considers a quiet life his greatest gain. Such attitude is understandable, but it interferes with the progress of a dynamic economy. Competition prevents this danger: established profits will be reduced by new firms copying the successful methods of the old, and profits will disappear entirely as more aggressive competitors advance better, or at least different, products.
Competition and profit drive the economy toward better want satisfaction. The hope for profit exerts its push on the producer. The producer undertakes something new that appeals to (5) the consumer and makes the producer rich in the bargain (6). As soon as he reaches his goal and takes it easy (7) others imitate him and pull his profits down until they are wiped out (8).
Competition satisfies several objectives. It prevents profits from continuing, after a risk has been reduced by experience. It permits imitation at a lower price. Competition also causes the introduction of improvements, which can produce the same output (9) more cheaply. Profit may help to overcome the risk in making something new, but it is rarely a sufficient incentive to force management into a revision of outdated operating methods (10 ). Only the constant pressure of competition will force business to streamline production (11 ), reduce costs, modernize its thinking. Competition is an essential ingredient in the progress of free enterprise.
Пояснения к тексту:
1.
a pressure cooker – скороварка;
2.
a private enterprise economy – экономика частного предпринимательства;
3.
from raising children – из опыта воспитания детей;
4.
incentive – стимул;
5.
appeals to - нравится;
6.
makes the producer rich in the bargain - приносит прибыль производителю;
7.
takes it easy – успокаивается;
8.
pull his profits down until they are wiped out - уменьшают его прибыль до тех пор, пока полностью не устранят конкурента;
9.
output - продукция;
10.
to force management into a revision of outdated operating methods – чтобы заставить руководство пересмотреть устаревшие производственные методы;
11.
to streamline production – модернизировать, рационализировать производство.
VII. Ответьте на вопросы:
1.
Why does competition speed up results?
2.
Does competition ensure the progress of dynamic economy?
3.
What objectives does competition satisfy?
Контрольная работа № 2
Проработайте следующие разделы по учебнику:
1.
Активный залог - формы Сontinuous (Present, Past, Future);
2.
Активный залог –формы Perfect (Present, Past, Future);
3.
Модальные глаголы и их эквиваленты;
4.
Определительные и дополнительные придаточные предложения (союзные и бессоюзные);
5.
Интернациональные слова.
I вариант
I. Перепишите следующие предложения; подчеркните в каждом из них
глагол-сказуемое и определите его видовременную форму и залог.
Переведите предложения на русский язык. Запишите все предложения
в вопросительной и отрицательной формах.
1. Currently they are expanding their business in Europe.
2. The delegation of Finnish builders has arrived in the city today.
3. We have assumed that nobody will buy any chocolate when the price is more
than $2 per bar.
4. What contract were they discussing at 11 a.m. yesterday?
II. Перепишите следующие предложения; подчеркните в каждом из них
модальный глагол или его эквивалент. Предложения переведите.
1. Each country has different laws to which its economy must conform.
2. The firm was to start producing the new equipment at the end of the year.
3. They should cut down costs by 5%.
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