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The hundred years war

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The Hundred Years War was a conflict between England and France that lasted, on and off, from 1340 until 1453. The war is often broken up into three phases: The first or "Edwardian" campaign lasted from 1340 until 1360, and went well for the English. The second or "Caroline" phase of the war lasted from 1369 until 1389 but was mixed up with several other wars in the region and resulted in a loss of much of the territory previously gained by the English. A long peace followed the second phase, until it was interrupted in 1415 by Henry V's. This third phase of the war, called the "Lancastrian" war, was tied up with an ongoing war between the Armagnacs and the Burgundians and went badly for the French until they were miraculously saved by the Joan of Arc(жанна дарк), beginning in 1429. Her victories supported France, and England was finally driven out (изгнанна) of France in 1453.

The roots of the Hundred Years War go back nearly 200 years to when the Plantagenet line of English kings was founded (основанна) by Henry II and Eleanor of Aquitaine.. At the time of his accession to the throne, the combined holdings of French territory by Henry II and his wife amounted(состовляли) to more than half of the region of France. Although most of this territory was lost in subsequent years, the idea of a combined British and French empire, was important to the Plantagenets. When the last Capet king died without an heir, Edward III, whose mother was the daughter of the French king, claimed the throne. The Salic laws, prohibiting succession through a female line prevented this, and Philip IV, the first Valois king was placed on the throne.. Edward did not at first assert his rights(отстаивать свои права), but after ten years of minor conflicts between the two kingdoms, he eventually bagan a full scale attack. Although England gained an early upper hand, she could not hold her territories over the long term and even after an English succession was acknowledged, as a result of the victories of Henry V in the Lancastrian War, the Plantagenet project for a combined France and English empire never came to pass.

The hundred years war was historically significant for a few other reasons besides the failed quest for a Franco-British empire. At the outset of the war, France was far wealthier than Britain and had a vastly superior military by the standards of the day, meaning more knights and armour. Britain's armies, on the other hand, were largely infantry(пехота) armed only with long bows(длинные луки). The fact that these weapons, in the hands of regular soldiers proved so effective against the knights in full armor, changed the nature of warfare(характер войны) considerably. The Hundred Years war, therefore, effectively ended the age of Chivalry(эпоха рыцарства) and brought the Middle Ages to a close.




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