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The history of human society presents a picture of its changing interaction with nature. Society did not always exist. The development of man and the evolution of society represent two interdependent and interrelated aspects of a single process. Along with natural selection, social selection comes into play: only those early communities survived and proved to have a future whose life activity was subject to certain socially significant requirements —unity, mutual support, caring for the result. Socially significant elements were consolidated by natural selection and transmission of experience. There is no gulf between the natural and the social: society is a part of nature as the greater whole, but each has specific features of its own.
Man lives on the earth within its geographical environment, which is the part of nature and constitutes a necessary condition of society's life being involved in social production. From its very beginning human society has been changing the natural environment, and it has itself been changing under its influence. The influence of society on nature is conditioned by the development of material production, science and technology, and of social needs, and also by the character of social relations. The natural conditions of society's life aren’t restricted to the geographical environment only. A qualitatively different natural environment of its life is the part of the world in which life can exist, or the biosphere, which includes the top layer of the earth's crust inhabited by organisms, the waters of the rivers, lakes, seas and oceans, and the lower atmosphere. The structure and energy and information processes of the biosphere are determined by the past and present activity of living organisms. The history of life on our planet shows that there have already been many profound transformations on the earth, and these qualitative restructurings of the biosphere resulted in the disappearance of various kinds of animals and plants and in the emergence of new ones. The evolutionary process in the biosphere is irreversible.
Apart from plants and animal organisms, the biosphere includes man, too: mankind is a part of the biosphere. With the emergence of mankind, the transition is realized to a new qualitative state of the biosphere —the noosphere (fr. Gk. noos "mind") or the sphere of life and reason. The noosphere is not an abstract kingdom of reason but a historically inevitable stage in the development of the biosphere. It is a new reality connected with more profound and all-embracing forms of society's transforming impact on nature.
52. Social structure of society’s life.
Society represents a social system on a base of which the material wellness production lies. In the bounds of this system different social groups such as gen, tribe, class, nation, family and collective, form and function in various spheres of social production.
Usually the study of social structure starts with classes, as they are the most important element of social structure in primitive society. This can be explained by the fact that the classes are directly defined by the way of manufacturing and are connected with it. Class division influences the development of other social groups and communities.
Guided by the Principe of historicism let’s consider the forms of generality in an order of their appearance in the real historical process. All structures forming in their sum and interaction a social structure have a duel background. Two of them are ethnical and demographical structures. They are connected with the biological nature of man and in a most considerable way represent it in social life, though having a social aegis beyond it. Other structures are- class, educational-professional and settlement - habitua l. They are social in a full sense of this word, that is civilized and obtained in a result of 3 great social labor divisions, transition to a private enterprises and class appearance.
Man exists in each of these communities, characterizing the components of social structure. He carries out his duties as a member of a family, as a class and profession representative, as a city of village inhabitant, as an individual related to one of the ethnical communities. Thus we may say that social structure of society is a complete set of all communities functioning in it, taken in their interaction.
As we have chosen a historical approach in consecutive consideration of each structure it would be quite natural to start with biosocial ones, to be more peculiar-the analysis of ethnical social structure as it represents the primal social communities, and demographical structure by virtue of it is the demographical structure of ethnos.
53. The Political Sphere of Society’s Life. Politics, the State and Law.
Thus, politics - a field of activity associated with the relationship between social groups in the center of which is the problem of conquering, keeping and using of state power.
Public relations between different social groups and, consequently, the policy that reflects the fundamental interests of these groups, are resulted from their place in the economic life of society. It is most fully and deeply reflection of fundamental economic interests of different social groups. Therefore, it is a concentrated expression of economics, its generalization and completion. Politics makes a great influence on the economy and other spheres of social life. A striking proof of this is social and political processes which take place now at the stage of Ukrainian statehood.
Country - the subject of politics, the core of the political system. It is characterized by sovereignty and includes the sovereignty of the people and nationalities.
State is a special political-territorial organization, which has sovereignty and the special apparatus of coercion and is able to dictate its compulsory nature.
The essence of the state - a domestic content of its activities, which expresses the unity of the general social and narrowclassed (group) interests of citizens. Any state with pure class solving problems, and performs general social problem (common cause) without which no society can function. These are means of communication and transport, construction of roads, irrigation facilities, combating epidemics, crime, measures to ensure peace and others.
Law - legal act regulating the most important, social relations through the establishment of binding rules (norms) established the legislative body (Parliament) obligatory for everyone(for all citizens) rule, which has the highest legal force. Laws obligatory for execution within a certain time, on definite territory and with respect to concrete range of people, organizations and other entities.
Laws and other legal acts adopted in Ukraine under the Constitution of Ukraine and must conform to it.
54. The Spiritual and Intellectual Sphere of Society’s Life. Social Consciousness: the essence and levels.
For successful development of aesthetically beautiful consciousness of people important is a search of ways of dialectical combination national and common to all mankind in an art. The process of enriching of aesthetically beautiful consciousness, art on the whole is able to take a place only at the minds of comprehensive revival and free development of national, financial and spiritual culture of that or other people.
Importante a place in spiritual life of society occupies religion, and also religious consciousness. During history of development of humanity religiousness, religious consciousness of people acquired many-sided forms, tints, passing the long way of becoming from the primitive cults of society to the difficult religious systems and basic world religions of contemporaneity.
Religion as form of public consciousness engulfs religious ideology and religious psychology. Religious ideology shows by itself more or less slender system of religious ideas, looks to the world. Religious ideology, as a rule, is developed and develops theologies. Religious psychology, folded mainly elementally, directly in the process of reflection of everyday minds of life of people, includes in itself the unsystematized religious senses, moods, consuetudes, presentations, related mainly to the faith in eldritch.
A culture is organic unity material and spiritual. In literature it is accepted to distinguish a financial and spiritual culture. A financial culture engulfs all of sphere of financial activity of people and its results. Syudi belong capital goods and products of labour, form of public organization of labour activity of man. A spiritual culture above all things engulfs the sphere of spiritual production is the aggregate of forms of public consciousness, methods of creation and use of spiritual values, forms of communication of people. Any absolutizing or underestimation of financial or spiritual side of culture impoverishes it as the extraordinarily many-sided, integral phenomenon.
A spiritual culture is a difficult socialdynamic process of development and functioning of many-sided processes and phenomena of public life, that directly or mediated influence on its becoming, forming.
In philosophy of intelectual examined in two ways: as an element, type of culture, as a structural element of society which plays an important role in his life, and as a form of cognitive activity, form of search of truth. According to it it is examined in two different sections of philosophy. As a form of cognition is socially organized — in the real section, but as form of activity — in a section «methods and forms of human activity».
Consequently, as it was already said at first, science is collective cognition or, other, the form of cognition is socially organized. It is built-in in a culture, in life of society renders giant influence on all spheres of life.
Two opposite looks are to science: 1) it — all in modern life and 2) it plays the limited positive or even negative role (. The overstatement of science role takes a place in first case, in the second is scornful attitude toward it or its demonizing. It is very important to shut out a flush-off in that or other extreme.
In science constantly spores go between narrow specialists and philosophizing scientists, between empiricists-experimenters and theorists.
One consider that science plays in human businesses cleanly an instrumental role, on good and evil «looks indifferently». Other sure in that science as part of life is closely related and to the ethics problems, and with a policy, and with financial practice. It is here possible to decide so: the search of truth has relatively independent value and at the same time truth not separated the Chinese wall from good, blessing, beauty.
55. The Structure of Social Consciousness: Moral, Legal, Political, Religious, Science, and Aesthetic Consciousness.
Political consciousness is very important form of social consciousness in every modern society. Political consciousness – system of views ideas knowledge and other political methods with the help of wich political interests of subjects of political processes carried out. Political consciousness includes ideological and psychological aspects. Political consciousness closely connected with politics. Politics with basic economic interests of social subjects and is extremely complicated sphere of social relationship.
Legal consciousness plays significant part in activity of society. It is system of knowledge and views on legal rights and norms, which regulates the behavior of people in society. Legal consciousness closely connected with legal norms and laws respectively to dominating in society views on law, order and justice. Interacting with politics law make a great influence on its realization, been the base of development of legal consciousness.
Moral consciousness is a system of norms and rules of behavior of people in society. Ulike the legal norms, norms of moral not grounded in legal laws, but is regulated in society by the power of civil thaught. Moral makes significant influence on the development of society relationship. It is very important nowadays, that values of moral consciousness become an integral part of human psychology, his moral face.
Esthetical consciousness represents objective reality by the way of concrete images. Unlike to the legal consciousness, that represents the being in the form of logical consepts and theories, esthetic consciousness express in concrete scientific-sensetive forms, that makes influence on our sense organs and provoke some emotional reaction. Esthetic consciousness is the form of social consciousness developed in connection with the development of all society, and first of all represents changes in the being of people and in their material life. In the base of esthetic consciousness lies art.
Religious as the form of social consciousness consists of religious ideology and religious psychology. Religious ideology usually develops by teologists. Religious psychology forming basically spontaneous consist of nonsystematic religious feelings, moods, habits connected mainly with belief in supernatural.
It’s a big dependence of maturity of society on the maturial consciousness, sizes of consciousness involving, spiritual involving in transforming of reality.
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