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Box 1.1. Around the World. Four Types of Suicide

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  3. Emile Durkheim- Division of labour, social fact, suicide, religion and society
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Altruistic suicide Egoistic suicide Anomic suicide Fatalistic suicide
A person feels a deep sense of moral obligation and is willing to place the group’s welfare above his or her own survival. A spy who is captured and swallows a poison capsule, rather than taking the risk of disclosing secrets, has committed altruistic suicide. This type of suicide is just the opposite of altruistic. It occurs when the individual feels little connection to the larger society and is not affected by social constraints against self-destructive behavior. A lonely person who lives in a skid row hotel room with no friends or family may resort to egoistic suicide. When a society lacks clear-cut rules of social behavior, anomic suicide can result. Such suicides are particularly likely to occur in a time of great social disorder or turmoil, as in the United States shortly after the stock market crash of 1929. People who lost all their savings and were unable to cope with their misfortune turned to anomic suicide. Whereas anomic suicide stems from a sense of disorder, fatalistic suicide is related to the powerlessness that people feel when their lives are regulated to an intolerable extent. A prisoner who can no longer bear confinement may find a ″way out″ through fatalistic suicide.  
Durkheim’s division of suicide into these four categories forms a typology. A typology is a classification scheme containing two or more mutually exclusive categories (types); it is used by sociologists to better understand different forms of behavior.

10) What is the role of religion in society?

The function of religion in society, as it is generally (mis)understood, is that it provides answers to questions of our existence and how to conduct our lives in relationship to oneself as well as others. Another function of religion is that it prepares oneself for the supposed life hereafter. Many theists in modern society believe that, as another function of religion, the Bible has been a vital reference for the construction of our contemporary moral code and “law of the land.” If common law were governed by religious dogma such as the Bible, then we would still be practicing slavery, stoning people to death, etc. The basis for our moral behavior as a species is not influenced by any organized religion. If anything, I would say that our morality has evolved in spite of the Bible. This has been done through a constantly shifting Zeitgeist over history. We see this especially in issues such as sexism, racism, and slavery, all of which the Bible has at one point condoned.

11) What are manifest and latent functions? What is a dysfunction?

Manifest and latent functions are social scientific concepts first clarified for sociology by Robert K. Merton. Merton appeared interested in sharpening the conceptual tools to be employed in a functional analysis.

Manifest functions and dysfunctions are conscious and deliberate, the latent ones the unconscious and unintended. While functions are intended (manifest) or unintended (latent), and have a positive effect on society, dysfunctions are unintended or unrecognized (latent) and have a negative effect on society.

Manifest functions are the consequences that people observe or expect. It is explicitly stated and understood by the participants in the relevant action. The manifest function of a rain dance, used as an example by Merton in his 1967 Social Theory and Social Structure, is to produce rain, and this outcome is intended and desired by people participating in the ritual.




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