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The theory of translation is based on the thoery of linguistic meaning. Scholars differentiate 3 types of meaning
1) referential(relation between the linguistic sign and object of reality)
2) pragmatic meaning (connotational, it includes register, emotional colouring, expressiveness)
3) intra-linguistic meaning (the relation between the linguistic sign)
Hence, the theory of tr-n investigates the ways of achieving adequacy of these three types of meaning. At the bottom of achieving adequacy of referential meaning lies Retsker’s theory of regular correspondences.
Retsker differentiates: -absolute equivalents (the case when a SL word is a semantic, stylistic and emotional synonym to TL word, e.g. geographical and proper names)
- partial equivalents (the range of meaning does not coincide in two lang-ges)
The relation between the meaning of the SL and the TLmay be of the following type
a) inclusion, e.g. character –British – 2 meanings/ Russian 1 meaning
b) intersection e.g. table
c) differentiation рука-arm/hand
d) transformations
Apart from equivalent lexics there are non-equivalent or culture loaded words. They define objects, process, realia, that have no corresponding words on TL. E.g. The House of Commons
Occasional lacunas – words that have no corresponding words in TL denoting the same object
Ways of achieving adequacy in translation
1) Approximate translation – it consists in finding the approximately close in meaning lexical units in the TL that correspond to the SL realia
e.g. душегрейка - vest
know-how - секреты
drugstore - аптека
2) Functional translation??????
3) Description, explanatory translation or interpretation
e.g. борщ - beetroot soup
щи - cabbage soup
The explanation is given in the brackets or on the footnotes
4) Contextual translation – context may be defined as linguistic surroundings, It helps to restrict the choice of meanings of polysemantic words.
e.g. lexical: European look – европейскийвид
angry look – сердитыйвзгляд
extra-linguistic situations – abolitionist (a supporter of the Dry Law)
5) Loan translation. Translation loans are words and expressions formed from the material existing in the TL but according to the patterns taken from (typical of) the SL
e.g. Домкультуры - House of Culture
wall newspaper – стенгазета
6) Transcription and transliteration – ноу-хау, пабликскул, казино, селебрити
7) Transformation technique (lexical and grammatical transformations)
I cold see a glimpses of him – Егофигуркамелькнула
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