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Grammatical paraphrasing – changing gram structure of the sentence. 3 types:
1) the change of the parts of speech and forms of words:
This rocket is capable of putting meteosats (meteorological satellites) into the orbit. – Эта ракета позволяет вывести спутники на орбиту. (due to the differences in gram structure – no gerund in Russian)
2) the change of parts of the sentence (e.g. subject – predicative), very often Passive voice (characteristic of English) into active voice in Russian:
This substance can be obtained by heating. – Это вещество можно получить нагреванием.
3) (the most common) the change of the type of the sentence:
a) Simple – composite. Reason – the difference in grammatical structures in the two languages, especially non-finite forms of words, constructions they made, participial construction, gerundial construction; different functions of words – e.g. infinitive in English can be used as attribute: That’s the work to do.
b)Composite – simple. Reason – stylistic considerations
c)Sentence division
Reason: when the original sentence is overloaded with info: e.g. Among several types of lasers, the CO2 is the hottest and provides the best results on deep wrinkles for most skin types. – среди различных видов лазера, углекислотный явл. самым мощным. Он обеспечивает наилучший результат в устранении глубоких морщин практически для всех типов кожи.
d)Sentence combination – when you combine several sentences into one. Reason: because of the strong semantic connection between sentences. Very often we combine sentences if the next one begins with “that”, “this”, “it”.
e)Changing the syntactic relations in the sentence: subordinate – coordinate and v.v., adv. Clause – attributive clause, etc. this device consists in changing subordinate relation into coordinate, v.v., the type of subordinate relation (attributive clause-object clause), etc.
27 LOGICALDEVELOPMENT Logical or semantic development is a device which is used when the lexical equivalent from the dictionary doesn’t fit into the context of the translated sentence. The translator has to choose a word that has logical connection with the dictionary equivalent on the one hand and the context of the sentence to be translated on the other. The semantic development may take three different forms:
1) contextual terminisation of the common core word – cutter – машинкадлястрижкиволос; a head – головкамагнитофона;
2) substitution of the metonymic/figurative name by its direct name (when part stands for the whole and v.v.): to step on the gas – нажатьнапедальгаза; tube (in TV) – кинескоп (целое – часть);
3) construction of logical chains with the change of linguistic meaning (more frequent): sb’s background in electronics – подготовкавэлектронике; theoretical background – теоретическиеосновы; background info – исходныеданные, базоваяинфо.
Example: Paleoanthology calls on the skills of many specialists. – Палеоантропология требует/использует знаниямногихспециалистов.
Often, managing a conflict involves the passage of new laws. – Часто, разрешениеконфликтов требует принятияновыхзаконов.
The word in the TL and its logically developed meaning in the SL may be connected as a part and a whole, the reason and result, the thing with the help of which we do smth and the doer.
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