Читайте также:
|
the adoption by one language of a phrase or compound word whose components are literal translations of the components of a corresponding phrase or compound in a foreign language Also called calque
A form of borrowing from one language to another whereby the semantic components of a given term are literally translated into their equivalents in the borrowing language
is a word or phrase borrowed from another language by literal, word-for-word (Latin: " verbum pro verbo ") or root-for-root translation.
For example, the common English phrase "flea market" is a phrase calque that literally translates the French " marché aux puces " ("market where one acquires fleas"). English ``superman'' is a loan translation from German ``Übermensch.'' masterpiece, from German meisterstück
AmE skyscraper adopted into French as gratte-ciel (scrape-sky), into German as Wolkenkratzer (cloud-scrape)
20. Addition/ Omission
ADDITION
It is difficult to say whether this transformation is lexical or grammatical – it is both. Its lexical aspects imply adding words, word combinations or even the whole sentences or their parts when: there is a strong necessity to make some explanations of transcribed words, describe the notions which have no names in TL, add the words implied but not expressed in the structure of phrases, etc. However, in all these cases the structure of a sentence in involved, therefore the transformation is looked at as grammatical one. Sometimes grammatical reasons to add new words appear. It happens when meaning is expressed grammatically in the original text while there is no way to express it grammatically in translation, e.g. in English the articles are used to differentiate between the author and his creation:
“…the jewel of his collection – an Israels… ” or “…Madame Lamotte, who was still in front of the Meissonier ”. (J.Galsworthy).
In Ukrainian in both sentences we have to add the word “ картина ”:
“…перлина його колекції – картинаІсраелса… ” and “… мадам Лямот, яка все ще стояла перед картиноюМесоньє ”.
Both grammatical and lexical transformations not infrequently require inserting additional elements, or visa versa, omitting them. Therefore omission and addition often go parallel with other types of grammatical transformations, more often with replacements of parts of speech. Insertion of additional words is stipulated by a number of reasons: differences in sentence structure and the fact that more compressed English sentences require more expanded expression of thought in Ukrainian. The lack of a corresponding word or lexical-semantic variant of a given word is also a reason for inserting additional words in translation. The other reasons for addition are: 1- stylistic purposes – the name of the course in English “Speaking naturally” – Говорипоанглийскисвободно. 2 – due to the differences in term formation: pollution – загрязнениеокружающейсреды, peripherals – периферийныевнешние (комп) устройства. 3 – in case of abbreviated term, esp. when they’re in plural: MP’s – народныедепутаты; CEO’s - генеральныедиректора.
OMISSION
This transformation is rarely obligatory within a structure, as it is usually caused by stylistic considerations and deals with redundancy as a traditional norm of SL, but not acceptable in TL. Thus, the main reason for omission is to avoid unnecessary or excessive repetition and desalination that is characteristic of English. A typical example of such redundancy is the use of synonymic pairs, i.e. the words with the same or close referential meaning, in English:
She is heart and soul of company. – она – душакомпании
“term and conditions” – условия
“rate and velocity” – скорость
Дата добавления: 2015-09-11; просмотров: 88 | Поможем написать вашу работу | Нарушение авторских прав |