Выражает:
действие, завершившееся до какого-либо момента или другого действия в прошлом.
*By eleven Maria had finished all the work.
К одиннадцати Мария закончила всю работу.
*I had hardly read more than the first three chapters when my attention was diverted by a conversation.
Я едва прочитал первые три главы, когда мое внимание было отвлечено беседой.
Указатели времени:
by Saturday hardly
by that time scarcely
after no sooner
until then by the time he came
Ex. 1. Explain the use of the Past Perfect in the following sentences.
1. At last she showed me the letter he had written.
2. She was sure that he had never lied to her before.
3. He was pleased to meet Dave again. He had known him for ten or eleven years.
4. Jack chose the hotel. He had never been there before but he had heard his mother speak of it once. She had said she had liked it.
5. He decided to wait till he had talked to the man himself.
6. He was not aware how long he had sat there.
7. I was going round to see Roberta after dinner. I had arranged this visit the day before.
8. Her lack of accent was explained by the fact that she had been for twenty years in London.
9. We had translated the article by five o'clock.
10. We carefully examined the samples which they had sent us.
11. They had not loaded the goods when they received our telegram.
12. We had come to an agreement on the terms of payment before you arrived.
13. No sooner had he arrived, than he fell ill.
Ex. 2. Translate into Russian.
1. Traditionally, plant construction had been financed with a combination of grants and subsidized loans from the government.
2. Until recently, China had largely ignored natural gas.
3. By 1998, the unbundling of electric utilities into separate entities for generation, transmission, and distribution had emerged as the standard approach to power-sector restructuring around the world.
4. Earlier, in 1989, the Government of India had formed Power Grid to completely integrate regional transmission systems.
5. Average gas prices had already doubled by early summer and now are several times what they were a year ago.
6. A number of nuclear physicists, many of whom had worked in Göttingen, left Germany in 1933.
7. What had you done before you were admitted to university?
8. We started by making an exhaustive review of what others had done, reading every available scientific paper.
9. They had shipped the goods when your telegram arrived.
10. He had stayed in his father's firm till his father died. Then he had started his own business and was now a very successful man.
11. Since the plant had hired many people of various trades, we decided to manufacture several types of products simultaneously.
12. The Urals Motor-Engine Plant, which now belongs to the ZIL firm, had always produced lorry engines as well as the actual
lorries.
13. They quickly assembled an experimental model and found, as they had expected, that the device really worked.
14. Experience had shown that the best way to send a weak radio signal through space in the presence of background noise is to use a signalling method known as pulse-code modulation.
15. This was far fewer than we had dared hope to achieve.
16. Where we had expected to find a black sky, the sky was more than half as bright as the planet.
Ex. 3. Choose the correct form of the verb.
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