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Will you allow me to attend your lecture? (можно мне) -__ May I attend your lecture?__
1. Will you let me have this book for a few days? (можно мне одолжить) _________________
2. He allows you to come at ten tomorrow. (можете придти) ____________________________
3. I’m thinking of taking a holiday in August. (возможно, возьму отпуск) _________________
4. Roger is talking to his girlfriend. (возможно, разговаривает) _________________________
5. I am not sure I’ll see him today. (возможно, не увижу) ______________________________
6. I am not sure the window was shut. (возможно, не было закрыто) _____________________
7. Miss Green has already typed the letter. (возможно, напечатала) ______________________
8. Why didn’t you start your preparations yesterday? (ты мог бы начать…) ________________
9. Jane doesn’t want to go to the dance with him. I suppose she doesn’t like him. (возможно,
не нравится) ________________________________________________________________
10. Why don’t you explain to him how to do it? (ты бы хоть объяснил) ___________________
11. It isn’t allowed to use a camera in this museum. (нельзя пользоваться) _________________
12. Is it your dictionary? I want to use it. (можно воспользоваться?) _____________________
13. Where are the children? - I think they are playing in the yard. (возможно играют) ______ _____________________________________________________________________________
MUST / HAVE TO / NEED
| Modal verb | Present | Past | Future |
| Equivalent | |||
| must have to | must have to... has to... | had to | will have to... |
| 1. Необходи- мость, обяза- тельство, долг а) субъектив- ное мнение | I must do a lot of work today. I must stop smoking. I had to stop smoking. I’ll have to see the dentist tomorrow. | Сегодня мне нужно (я дол - жен) сделать много работы. Я должен (мне надо) бросить курить. Мне пришлось бросить курить. Завтра мне нужно будет Сходить к зубному врачу. | В этом зна- чении must употребляя- ется только в настоя- щем вре- мени В будущем и прошед- шем - have to |
| б) Объективно вызванная необходимость, нужда | Mr. Brown has to work hard to keep his garden in good condition. Jack had to get up very early because he lived a long way from the university. I’ll have to stay at home because my son has fallen ill. What time do you have to get to work? Sue doesn’t have to get up early tomorrow. It’s her day-off. | Г-ну Брауну приходится много работать, чтобы под- держивать сад в хорошем состоянии. Джеку приходилось рано вставать, потому что он жил далеко от университета. Мне придется (я должна) остаться дома, потому что у меня заболел сын. В котором часу вам нужно приходить на работу? Сью не нужно завтра рано вставать. У нее выходной. | В этом зна- чении упот- ребляется have to во всех типах предложе- ний в настоящем, прошедшем и будущем времени. |
| 2. Отсутствие необходимости | You don’t have to (don’t need, needn’t) tell George about it. You needn’t worry about that. You don’t need to get visa if you go there. I didn’t need to go to the station. | Нет необходимости (не нуж - но) рассказывать об этом Джорджу. Тебе не стоит об этом бес- покоиться. Вам не нужно получать визу, если вы туда едете. Мне не нужно было ехать на вокзал. | |
| You needn’t have gone to the station. Mr. Brown arrived by train. You needn’t have bought all that wine. Only five people came. | Я напрасно (зря) ездил на вокзал. Г-н Браун прилетел самолетом. Ты зря покупал (не стоило покупать) все это вино. пришли только пять человек | Констатиру- ется отсут- ствие необ- ходимости действия, которое со- вершилось. | |
| 3. Рекоменда- ция, совет, пожелание, инструкции. | You must read this book. You must stop smoking. You mustn’t cross the street on the red light. Candidates must not bring books into the examina- tion room. | Вы должны прочитать эту книгу. Тебе надо бросить курить. Нельзя переходить улицу на красный свет. Абитуриенты не должны приносить книги на экзамен. | Глагол must в этом слу- чае звучит очень кате- горично. |
| 4. Нежелание выполнить действие. | Must you go so soon? Must I finish this work by Friday? | Неужели вам нужно так скоро уходить? Мне обязательно нужно за- кончить эту работу к пят- нице? | Только в вопроси- тельных предложе- ниях. |
| 5. Предположе- ние, гранича- щее с уверен- ностью. | This house must be very old. Bill must be watching tele- vision. Roger must have forgotten about his promise. He must have gone to Rome. | Этот дом, должно быть, очень старый. Билл, вероятно, смотрит телевизор. Должно быть, Роджер забыл о своем обещании. Он, вероятно (должно быть) уехал в Рим. | Must в утв. предложе- ниях со все- ми форма- ми инфи- нитива |
Сравните:
We needn’t have hurried. Нам можно было и не спешить. ( но мы спешили)
We didn’t have to hurry. Нам можно было не спешить. (мы и не спешили)
He must be at home now. Он наверняка (должно быть, вероятно) дома сейчас.
He may be at home now. Он возможно (может быть) дома сейчас.
He might be at home now. Вряд ли он дома сейчас.
Ex. 225. Complete the following sentences using must.
1. If you want to know English well, you ____________________________________________.
2. If your spelling is poor, you ____________________________________________________.
3. If she wants to cross the street and there is a red light, she ____________________________.
4. If you are unwell, you _________________________________________________________.
5. If she wants to get to the university, she ___________________________________________.
6. If he makes a lot of grammar mistakes, he _________________________________________.
7. If you want to be healthy, you __________________________________________________.
Ex. 226. English lessons. What do you have to do in your English lessons? Say twelve
sentences with have t oor don’t have to.
vocabulary We have to learn vocabulary.
read long books We don’t have to read long books.
1 learn poems 12 learn by heart
2 write exercises 13 translate
3 learn songs 14 learn grammar rules
4 speak English 15 make up long dialogues
5 read aloud 16 use a dictionary
6 write compositions 17 do projects
7 play games 18 write vocabulary
8 draw pictures 19 watch video
9 go to the blackboard 20 listen to the tapes
10 make reports 21 make surveys
11 read newspapers 22 answer questions in English
Ex. 227. Complete these sentences with the right tense of have to.
1 Carol wasn’t feeling well, so she ______________ go home.
2 We _____________go or we’ll miss the 8.30 train.
3 We _________________ win the next match to stay in the tournament.
4 I _________________ borrow my sister’s black shoes last night.
5 Uncle Victor hasn’t come, so we _________________ do all his work.
6 You ________________ tell Mr Hayley tomorrow.
7 You _____________ wait for the traffic to stop before you cross the street.
8 Ophelia _____________ stay in her bowl all the time.
9 Uncle Jim ________________ learn English when he went to America.
10 Jimmy couldn’t mend his bicycle, so he ______________ take it to the bicycle repair shop.
Ex. 228. Fill in “ have to”, “has to”, “don’t /doesn’t have to”, “didn’t have to”
“had to” or “won’t have to”.
1. It’s Sunday tomorrow so I _____won’t have to__________________ get up early.
2. There’s no school tomorrow, so the children ________________________ go to bed early.
3. We went to a restaurant yesterday, so we ___________________________________ cook.
4. Let’s clean up now, so we _______________________________________ do it tomorrow.
5. It rained yesterday, so she ______________________________________water the flowers.
6. Lucy feels better now, so she __________________________________ take the medicine.
7. You’ve got plenty of time. You __________________________________________ hurry.
8. He ____________________________________________ shout or else she can’t hear him.
9. It was very cold yesterday, so I ______________________________________ wear a coat.
10. She _________________________________________ wear glasses or else she can’t read.
11. I can’t go out tonight. I ______________________________________ study for my exam.
12. I took the dog for a walk this morning, so you _____________________ take it out tonight.
13. My car doesn’t work, so I _________________________________________ take the train.
14. I broke my tooth, so I _________________________________ go to the dentist’s yesterday.
Ex. 229. Make questions with have to.
1. Tom had to go to the police station. (Why)
2. Mary had to leave yesterday. (What time exactly)
3. They’ll have to answer a lot of questions at the exams. (How many question)
4. Ann has to wear glasses. (Why)
5. He had to look up a few words in the dictionary. (What for)
6. My aunt had to wait for her train yesterday. (How long)
7. The girl has to take some books from the library. (What books)
8. We had to send for the doctor last night. (What doctor)
9. You’ll have to get there as quickly as possible. (Where)
10. I had to get up early yesterday. (When)
Ex. 230. Insert must / have to / had to into the following sentences.
1. She _________ leave home at eight every morning at present.
2. I never remember his address; I always ____________ look it up.
3. If you go to a dentist with a private practice you __________ pay him quite a lot of money.
4. The buses were full; I ____________ get a taxi.
5. When I changed my job I ____________ move to another flat.
6. She sees very badly; she ____________ wear glasses all the time.
7. If you buy that TV-set you ___________ buy a licence for it.
8. Attention! Cameras, sticks and umbrellas _____________ be left at the desk.
9. I got lost and I ___________ ask a policeman the way.
10. Whenever the dog wants to go out I ___________ get up and open the door.
11. You __________ read this book. It’s really excellent.
12. In my district there is no gas laid on. People ____________ use electricity for everything.
Ex. 231. Combine the verb must with the proper form of the infinitive in brackets.
1. She must (to be angry) with me. She left without saying good-bye.
2. Mary must (to be ill), otherwise she would have come.
3. It must (to be) a fearful shock to her. – Indeed, it was.
4. The visitor was wearing an old style greatcoat that must (to cost) a hundred and fifty dollars
new.
5. The pianist is playing a piece that hasn’t been announced. They must (to change)
the programme.
6. I’ll get your things out of the hotel. You must not (to stay) here tonight.
7. He must (to take) a lot of photos when he was on the island.
8. You haven’t eaten for hours. You must (to be) hungry.
9. Mrs Cromwell took us round the yacht. There was no doubt that it must (to cost) her a lot of
money.
10. “You must (to be) right,” I said.
11. They must (to hear) that John was in London.
12. This seems to be a valuable ring. Since you wear it always, it must (to be) valuable to you.
13. They must not (to miss) the train. Otherwise they would have come back.
14. There must not (to be) anybody at home now.
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