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Present

+ He must earn money.

- He mustn’t earn money at this age.

? Must he earn money?

Past

+ He had to earn money.

- He didn’t have to earn money at this age.

? Did he have to earn money?

Future

+ He will have to earn money.

- He won’t have to earn money at this age.

? Will he have to earn money?

In combination with different forms of infinitive must is used to express supposition bordering on assurance, almost a conviction. In this meaning it’s used in affirmative sentences only. It corresponds to the Ukrainian напевно.

He must be writing now. Він, напевно, пише зараз.

He must have written them already. Він, напевно, вже написав їм.

He must have been writing all the night. Він, напевно, писав всю ніч.

MUST AND MAY COMPARED They can be

compared in two meanings:

1) both serve to express supposition but their use is not parallel. May denotes supposition-uncertainty.

Must expresses strong probability.

For all I know, he may be an actor - his face seems so familiar.

He must be an actor - he's very talented.

2) prohibition

May is seldom found. Generally we find mustn’t or can not.

TO HAVE

To have + Infinitive expresses an obligation or necessity arising out of circumstances. Its meaning is close to that of to be obliged.

She felt bad, so he had to stay with her.

It is used in three tense forms: Present Indefinite, Past Indefinite, Future Indefinite.

TO BE

To be + Infinitiveexpresses an obligation, an order which is generally the result of an arrangement or agreement.

She is to come at seven.

It is used in two tense forms: Present Indefinite or Past Indefinite.

NEED

Need expresses necessity. It is mostly used in negative and interrogative sentences.

He needs a new pair of shoes.

Need he go there?

You needn’t be afraid.

It has only one tense form- Present. It is also used with Perfect Infinitive to express the action which took place though there wasn’t necessity to do it.

He needn’t have gone there.

Exercise 1. Use the verb can in the correct form followed by the appropri­ate infinitive.

1. Have you a friend whom you(to trust)? 2. What Freddy (to do) all this time? He has been gone for twenty minutes. 3. He______ not (to see) me. I came when he had gone. 4.I am not a person wh_______________________________ (to tell) a lie. 5. Howyou (to make) such a mistake as to suppose that I was younger than you? 6. Surely you (to do) it before. What have you been doing all the morning? 7. Say what you like, but the work

not (to do) in two days. 8. Mr. Fenwill's house was built on the top of the hill and (to see) from afar. 9. Inot (tosleep) two hours. I still feel tired. 10. He

not (to be) her father he is too young. 11. Theynot (to hear) us. Knock again. 12. If you had asked me for money I ____________ (to lend) you some. 13. He

(to tell) me the answer but he refused to. 14.he still (to sleep)? It seems to me they simply don't want us to see him. 15.I _______ not (to swim) — I wish

. 16. She has a university education and (to make) a career for

herself if she hadn't married. 17. You not (to forget). I don't believe you.

Exercise 2. Fill in the blanks with can or may in the correct form.

1.______ I visit you one of these days? 2. you lift this box? 3. When the fog lifted we see where we were. 4. She asked me if she __________ use my dictionary. 5. The telephone is out of order. I not hear anything. 6. ________________________ you help me a

little? 7. read the letter? 8. You think whatever you like. 9.I not walk so quickly. I have a weak heart. 10. You ____________ take the textbook. I don't need it any longer.

Exercise 3. Use the verbs can or may.

Exercise 4. Choose the proper word from brackets.

1. (Can, may) you play the piano? 2. (Can, may) Benny watch TV before going to bed? 3.1 think I (can, may) do the work my­self. 4. (Can, may) your friend speak English? 5. (Can, may) I have another cup of tea? 6. You (can, may) stay a little longer if you like. 7.1 (cannot, may not) hear you. Speak louder, please. 8. You (can, may) take the book home. 9. (Can, may) I leave my bag with you? 10.1 (cannot, may not) believe that.

Exercise 5. Перекладіть англійською мовою, використовуючи сап або could з різними формами інфінітива:

Exercise 6. Перекладіть англійською мовою, використовуючи сап або could з різними формами інфінітива.

1. Невжети загубив ключі?

2. Невже він летить літаком в цей час?

3. Невже вони ходять?

4. Невже він вирішив цю проблему?

5.Невже вона так довго працює в модельному бізнесі?

6. Невже діти ще грають?

7. Невже вони дістали квитки на цю виставу?

8. Невже він справді захоплюється сучасним мистецтвом.

9. Невже вона живе тут вже три роки?

10. Невже це брехня?

11. Невже він отримав необхідну кваліфікацію?

12. Невже вони зробили помилку?

13. Невже він попросив допомоги?

14. Невже вона хоче знати правду?

15. Невже вони досі розважають своїх гостей?

16. Невже він хоче відшукати старовинну карту?

17. Невже хтось викликав поліцію?

18. Невже вони все ще розмовляють?

19. Невже вона розмовляє по телефону годину?

20. Невже вони втекли?

Exercise 7. Перекладіть англійською мовою, використовуючи сап абоcould з різними формами інфінітива.

1. Не може бути, щоб він був в офісі.

2. Не може бути, що вони все ще обговорювали це.

3. Не може бути, щоб він витратив стільки грошей.

4. Пробачте, але не може бути, щоб він зробив це.

5. Не може бути, щоб вона хворіла так довго.

6. Не може бути, щоб вони повернулись так рано.

7. Не може бути, щоб вона знала їхню адресу.

8. Пробачте, але не може бути, щоб вона сказала неправду.

9. Не може бути, що вони жили в цій країні.

10. Не може бути, щоб він працював з самого ранку.

11. Не може бути, щоб ти побачив вовків в цьому лісі.

12. Неймовірно, щоб вона зробила такий вибір.

Exercise 8. Перекладіть англійською мовою, використовуюч саn або could з різними формами інфінітива.

1. Не може бути, щоб вона заблукала.

2. Не може бути, щоб він не втрутився.

3. Вибачте, але це не може бути правдою.

4. Не може бути, щоб вона вивчала папери так довго.

5. Не може бути, щоб він водив машину з чотирнадцяті років.

6. Не може бути, щоб вони знали один одного до цього

7. Не може бути, щоб вона так думала.

8. Не може бути, щоб дитина спала зараз.

Exercise 9. Fill in the blanks with the verbs can or may in the correct form.

1. When you get there tell them to wait. I be a little late. 2. I come at six. I'll be free by that time. 3. this old man be Tom Brown? He not have changed so much! 4. None of us know what happen before it is finished. 5. This be a great idea. It also be a trap in which England will perish. 6. I'm not sure, but she have gone to the village shop. 7. I told them he be in the garden. 8. Sh! She hear you. 9. How strange! you believe that? 10. I haven't seen her for ages. She be quite middle-aged by now. 11. Don't send him away. We need his advice. 12. I fear they miss the train. They left rather late. 13. It be seen that he was puzzled. 14. People chatter about her, but they don't know anything definite against her. 15. He not have thought of this himself. Who suggested it to him? 16. He be a medical student though I'm not sure. 17. But what more he have said I don't know for I left. 18. You______ tell me what he said! I have a right to know. 19. Miss Carter have gone to the school to call on Mr. Everard. 20. Then he found that he not stay in bed. 21. I not swim. I expect you. Everyone_____ except me. 22. You have warned me beforehand! 23. He not have said that. I don't believe you. 24. It was a year or two ago, or it be three years ago. 25. She came to ask her mother if she stay and dance a little longer.