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Read the texts about three different oil companies and do the exercises.

The Seven Sisters of the petroleum industry is a term coined by an Italian entrepreneur, Enrico Mattei, that refers to seven oil companies that dominated mid-20^th century oil production, refinement, and distribution.

These companies were the following:

1. Standard Oil of New Jersey (Esso), which merged with Mobil to form ExxonMobil.

2. Royal Dutch Shell Anglo-Dutch

3. British Anglo-Persian Oil Company (APOC), which later became BP

4. Standard Oil of New York (Socony). This later became Mobil, which merged with Exxon to form ExxonMobil.

5. Standard Oil of California (Socal), now Chevron.

6. Gulf Oil. Most of this became part of Chevron.

7. Texaco. Merged with Chevron in 2001. Texaco remains as a Chevron brand name.

ROYAL DUTCH SHELL

Type: public

Founded: 1907

Headquarters: The Hague, the Netherlands

Industry: oil and gas

Products: oil, natural gas, petrochemicals

Royal Dutch Shell PLC is a multinational oil company ("oil major") of British and Dutch origins. It is one of the largest private sector energy corporations in the world, and one of the six "supermajors" (vertically integrated private sector oil exploration, natural gas, and petroleum product marketing companies). The company's head offices (also known as the "central offices") are in The Hague and London (Shell Centre). The company's main business is the exploration for and the production, processing, transportation and marketing of hydrocarbons (oil and gas). Shell also has a significant petrochemicals business (Shell Chemicals). Shell is incorporated in the UK with its corporate headquarters in The Hague, its tax residence is in the Netherlands, and its primary listings on the London Stock Exchange. Shell's revenues of $318.8 billion in 2006 made it the second-largest corporation in the world by revenues behind only ExxonMobil. Its 2006 gross profits of $26 billion made it the world's second most profitable company, after ExxonMobil and before BP. Forbes Global 2000 in 2007 ranked Shell the eighth largest company in the world. It operates in over 140 countries. In the United States, its Shell Oil Company subsidiary, headquartered in Houston, Texas, is one of Shell's largest businesses. One of the original Seven Sisters, Royal Dutch/Shell is the world's second-largest private sector oil company by revenue, Europe's largest energy group and a major player in the petrochemical industry. Shell has five core businesses Royal Dutch/Shell is the world's second-largest private sector oil company by revenue, Europe's largest energy group and a major player in the petrochemical industry. Shell has five core businesses: Exploration and Production ("Upstream"), Gas and Power, Refining and Marketing, Chemicals ("Downstream"), and Trading/Shipping.