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Change the words

· use synonyms or a phrase that expresses the same meaning.

· leave shared language unchanged.

It is important to start by changing the structure, not the words, but you might find that as you change the words, you see ways to change the structure further. The final paraphrase might look like this:

According to Ross (1993), poor children at the turn of the century received little mothering in our sense of the term. Mothering was defined by economic status, and among the poor, a mother’s foremost responsibility was not to stimulate her children’s minds or foster their emotional growth but to provide food and shelter to meet the basic requirements for physical survival. Given the magnitude of this task, children were deprived of even the ‘actual comfort’ (p. 9) we expect mothers to provide today.

You may need to go through this process several times to create a satisfactory paraphrase.

How to Use Direct Quotation

Direct quotation can be used for a variety of reasons, such as:

· To show that an authority supports a point in the thesis

· To present a position or argument to critique or comment on

· To include especially moving or historically significant language

· To present a particularly well-stated passage whose meaning would be lost or changed if paraphrased or summarized

However, students should not rely too heavily on direct quotation. Most of the ideas and text in their thesis should be in their own words. Below are some guidelines to follow when using direct quotations.

Introducing Quotations

One of your jobs as a writer is to guide your reader through your text. Do not simply drop quotations into your thesis and leave it to the reader to make connections. Integrating a quotation into your text usually involves two elements:

· A signal that a quotation is coming—generally the author’s name and/or a reference to the work

· An assertion that indicates the relationship of the quotation to your text

Often both the signal and the assertion appear in a single introductory statement, as in the example below. Notice how a transitional phrase also serves to connect the quotation smoothly to the introductory statement.

Ross (1993), in her study of poor and working-class mothers in London from 1870-1918 [ signal ], makes it clear that economic status to a large extent determined the meaning of motherhood [ assertion ]. Among this population [ connection ], ‘To mother was to work for and organize household subsistence’ (p. 9).

The signal can also come after the assertion, again with a connecting word or phrase:

Illness was rarely a routine matter in the nineteenth century [ assertion ]. As [ connection ] Ross observes [ signal ], ‘Maternal thinking about children’s health revolved around the possibility of a child’s maiming or death’ (p. 166).

Formatting Quotations

Incorporate short direct prose quotations into the text of your thesis and enclose them in double quotation marks, as in the examples above. Begin longer quotations (2 lines or more) on a new line and indent the entire quotation (i.e., put in block form), with no quotation marks at beginning or end, as in the quoted passage

Punctuation with Quotation Marks

1. Parenthetical citations. With short quotations, place citations outside of closing quotation marks, followed by sentence punctuation (period, question mark, comma, semi-colon, colon):

Menand (2002) characterizes language as ‘a social weapon’ (p. 115).

2. Commas and periods. Place inside closing quotation marks when no parenthetical citation follows:

Hertzberg (2002) notes that ‘treating the Constitution as imperfect is not new,’ but because of Dahl’s credentials, his ‘apostasy merits attention’ (p. 85).

3. Question marks and exclamation points. Place inside closing quotation marks if the quotation is a question/exclamation:

Menand (2001) acknowledges that H. W. Fowler’s Modern English Usage is ‘a classic of the language,’ but he asks, ‘Is it a dead classic?’ (p. 114). [Note that a period still follows the closing parenthesis.]

Place outside of closing quotation marks if the entire sentence containing the quotation is a question or exclamation:

How many students actually read the guide to find out what is meant by ‘academic misconduct’?

4. Quotations within quotations. Use double quotation marks for the embedded quotation:

According to Hertzberg (2002), Dahl gives the U. S. Constitution ‘bad marks in ‘democratic fairness’ and ‘encouraging consensus’’’ (p. 90). [The phrases ‘democratic fairness’ and ‘encouraging consensus’ are already in quotation marks in Dahl’s sentence.]