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Лекция 1.

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  OE ME NE    
Stem- suffixes   They could consist of: 1) vowels (vocalic stems: a-stems i-stems u-stems o-stems) 2) consonants (consonantal stems: n-stem) 3) sound sequences (ja-stem, s-stems wa, jo, wo nd-stems r-stems) 4) Some groups of nouns had no stem-forming suffix or had a «zero-suffix». They are termed «root-stems» and are grouped together with consonantal stems, as their roots ended in consonants. Ex: man, boc I-1I1 I. a-stems included Masc. and Neut. nouns. Ex: Masc. - cniht, ham, mup Neut. - lim, hius, pin3 Strong declensions vocalic stems Nom. Gen. Dat. Ace.   1) The Southern dialects re-arranged and simplified the noun declensions on the basis of stem and gender distinctions. EME employed only four markers -es,-en, - e and the root-vowel interchange plus the bare stem (the «zero» inflection) - but distinguished, with the help of these devices, several paradigm.   Masc. and Neut. nouns had two declensions, weak and strong. • Masc. nouns took the ending -es m Norn, Acc.pl. Ex: bishes • Neut. nouns had variant forms. Ex: land/lande/landes • Most Fem. nouns belonged to the weak declension and were declined like weak Masc. and Neut. nouns. 2) In the Midland and Northern dialects was only one major type of declension and a few traces of other types. The majority of nouns took the endings of OE Masc. a-stems: - (e)s in the Gen.sg. (OE - es)       1) Ex: man, book   I-111 1 a-stems Ex: Masc. -knight, home, mouth Neut. -limb, house, thing      
    Masc. Sg. -fisc fisces fisce fisc Pl. -fisces fis'ca fiscum fiscmas   - (e)s in the pl. irrespective of ease (OE - es)   Masc. - fish short-stemmed - scip      
    Sh.-st. Sg. -scip scipes scipe scip Pl. -scipu scipa scipum scipu       long-stemmed - deer ja-stems - end      
    long-st. Sg.. -deor deores deore deor       wa-stems - knee      
j   (N) Pl. -deor deora deor deor     Several former Neut. a-stems descending from long-stemmed nouns could build their   2) o-stems short-stemmed - tale long-stemmed -wound 3) i-stems short-stemmed - meat 4) u-stems short-stemmed - son long-stemmed - Held II. 1) n-stems M.- name N.- ear F.- tongue    
ja-st. Sg. -ende cndes ende ende (M) Pl. -endas enda endum en das    
wa-st. Sg. -cneo(w) cneowes cneowe cneo(w) (N) Pl. -cneo(w) cneowa cneowum cneo(w)    
2) o - stems sh.-st. Sg. -talu tale tale tale (F) Pl. -tala,-e tala,-(ena) talum tala,-e lg.-st. Sg. -wund wunde \\runde wiinde (F). Pl. -wunda,-e wunda,-(ena) wundum wunda.-e    
3) i - stems sh.-st. Sg. -mete metes mete mete (M) Pl. –mete, -as meta metum mete,-as    
long-stemmed like ja-stems    
4) u-stems sh.-st. Sg. -sunu suna suna sunu (M) Pl. -suna suna sumum suna    
lg.-st. Sg. -feld felda felda felda (M) Pl. -felda felda feldum felda II. Weak Declension (Consonant stems) 1) n-stems Nom. Gen. Dat. Acc.    
n-stems Sg. –nama naman naman naman (M) Pl. -naman namena namum naman (N) Sg. -eare earan earan earan Pl. -earan earena earum earan (F) Sg. -tun3e tun3an tun3an tun3an Pl. -tun3an tun3ena tun3um tun3an    
plurals with or without the ending -(ejs Ex: Sg. - hors, Pl. -hors (horses) • Some nouns retained weak forms with the ending -en alongside new forms in -es.    
Neut a-stems differed from Masc. in the PI. of the Nom. and Acc. cases.    
  Instead of -as, they took -u for short stems and did not add any inflection in the long-stemmed variant. Consequently, long-stemmed Neuters had homonymous sg. and pl. forms. Ex: deor - deor, pin3 - pin3, sceap - sceap, hus - hus Grammatical feature: an instance of regular homonymy or neutralization of number distinctions in the noun paradigm.   • Some former Fern, nouns and some names of relations occur in Gen. case without - e(s) like OE Fern, nouns. Ex: My facler soule - «My father's soul»   III. The root-stem declension had mutated vowels in some forms, and many variants forms which showed that the \owel interchange v\as becoming a marker of number rather than case.     Root-stems, Southern dialects   Nom Gen. Dat. Acc.     III. This peculiarity of the root-stems is considerable consequence for later history and has left traces in NE.     Root-stems M.- foot F.- mouse      
III. The other consonantal declensions are called minor consonantal steins as they included small groups of nouns. The most important type is the root-stems, which had never had any stem-forming suffix. In EOE the root-vowel in some forms was subjected to phonetic changes. After the ending was dropped the mutated vowel turned out to be the only marker of the form. The interchange of root-vowels had turned into a regular means of form-building used similarly with inflections. Root-stems Nom. Gen. Dat. Acc.      
(M) Sg. -fot fotes fet fot Pl. -fet fota fotum fet      
(M) Sg. -foot foote(foot) footes foot Pl. -feet footen(feet) foote(feet) feet      
(F) Sg. -mius mys,muse mys mus Pl. -mys musa musum mys      
               

 

 

Лекция 1



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