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Lexical level of stylistic devices, lexico-syntactical level and syntactical level

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Lexical level of stylistic devices – trops, metaphor, metonymy, epithet, hyperboly, allusion.

Lexico-syntactical level simile, litotes, periphrases

Syntactical level – omission, repetition, inversion, simile, litotes, antithesis

Simile – three-component structure, imaginative comparison of 2 unlike objects belonging to dif-nt classes. Tenor – link – vehicle (Mary is like a rose). Logical comparison and simile – objects belong to the same class, possess 1 quality. Tenor –foundation (explicit/Implicit) She is fresh like a rose. Simile – means of creating imagery. The similarity of some quality can be overstated considerably. Emotional evaluation is prevailed. The aim is not to state the fact but to express the speaker’s attitude. Sometimes the foundation of the simile isn’t clear from the context and the author supplies it with the key where he explains his vision. In fact it’s sustained and detailed foundation. Trite simile – often repeated simile becomes trite and turns into expressive means. Simile are related to phraseology. Most of trite simile have the foundation and conjunctions (as, like, such). Disguised simile - the link between tenor and vehicle is expressed by notional words such as to resemble, look like, appear. Realization of comparison is smth suspended, the likeness isn’t so evident. In simile often allusions are used. Function – 1 to create images, 2 to evaluate smth, 3 to give laconic but expressive description, 4 to create humor or irony.

Litotes – 2-component structure in which 2 negations are joined together to give a positive evaluation (not unkindly – kindly) the positive effect is weakened, lack of confidence of speaker is implied. The 1-st component is negative, the 2-nd is negative in semantics but it varies from a negatively affixed word to a negative word. Function – to weaken the effect of utterance; to produce a strong impact on reader, awoke certain connotations.

Antithesis – opposition between ideas, notions, qualities in the part of one sent or in dif-те sent-s. Syntactically it’s a parallel construction. The parts must be sem-lly opposite to each other. It’s also observed in all levels of language especially on morphemic level (e.g. 2 antonymous affixes create a powerful effect of contrast). Function – to show dialectal unity of 2 opposing features.

 

6) Climax – is a case of sem-lly complicated parallelism. Each next word combination is logically more important or emotionally stronger. To create antithesis we use antonyms but in climax we deal with the stream of synonyms or sem-ly related words. If climax is formed with the help of negative structures the order of climax components is reversed. They are arranged in the descending order. Kinds of climax: logical, emotive, quantitative. Logical – is based on relative importance of the components from the point of view of the concepts embodied in them. The components are arranged according to logical meaning. Emotive – based on relative emotional tension produced by the words with emotive meaning. It will inevitably cause certain sem-l difference in the word but the emotional meaning will be prevailed. Quantitative – is an increase in volume of the corresponding concepts.

The most widely spread model is 3-component structure. It can be used in all 3 types. In emotive climax is often met 2-part structure, the 2-nd part repeats the 1-st one is strengthen by intensifier. Function – to show logical development of some events to depict phenomena dynamically, to show the relative importance of things as seen by the author.

Anticlimax – a sudden deception of the listener. Adding one element to a string of strong ones. The listener is disappointed in his expectations. He predicts a stronger element to follow instead some insignificant idea following significant ones. Function – to produce unexpected ironic/humorous effect.

Perephrasis – uses a round-about expressions instead of simple ones. It uses more or less complicated syntactical structures instead of one word. Function – to convey purely individual perception of a described object the author replaces the generally accepted objects by the description of one of the features that he considers to be more important, he foregrounds these features.

Euphemisms – kind of periphrasis. Kinds: religious, medical, moral, parliamentary. Life of euphemisms is short (short people – vertically challenged, homeless – sleeping rough, poor – underprivileged, stupid – mentally deficient).

 

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