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Subvarietis of Spoken English:
1.frozen English(застывший)
2.formal English(официальный)
3.consultative Englesh (нейтральный)
4.casual English(бытовой)
5.intimate(личный,интимный)
1.It is ritualistic English, used only in ceremonies, in church, very official. No one can change some phrases. It can be full of foreign terms, words, which are sometimes non-understandable to native speakers. The syntactical structure can be very obsolete.
2.It is used between people who find themselves in very official ceremonies. It may be parliamentary chambers, university lecture hall. One person does the speaking, there’s little feedback from the audience
3.It’s form which foreigners are usually taught and exposed to this level occurs between people who don’t know each other and who are talking about smth, which is usually in emotive value. Some feedback is expected there.
4.It is used between people who know each other and in settings where the participants are relaxed. The topic of the conversation is not too urgent and the participants can use some verbal play. The two principal features are ellipsis and slang, often including some taboo words. This casual level can also occure between people who don’t know each other, but who are operating in a very familiar settings (on a bus stop, bargaining in the market). Conversation may include some clipped expressions (how much, gimme four)
5. It occurs only between people who are well-acquainted and who have shared many linguistic and extra-linguistic experience. It occurs in families, in socially close groups of people (workers, students). Persons often use highly-specialised names for outsiders, within this variety we see more gestures than words.
№14
Functional styles
The most important informative texts in the newspaper:
1.brief news item
They state facts without giving explicit evaluation. They can be implicit evaluation through passive constructions, arrangement of sentences and so on. Lot of political terms, newspaper clishes, abbreviations, neologisms. Syntactical structure usually rather complex. There is a developed system of clauses, verbal constructions, syntactical complexes, especially nominative with the infinitive. There is a specific word order 5w and h pattern “who what why how where and when”.
The headline
Differ from everyday English by living out less important words, they display a very restricted range of sentence structure. These are full declarative sentences, nominal sentences, elliptical sentences, without articles, phrases with verbals, sentences in the form of statement, direct speech. There are two trends now: some prepositions are left out (before the day) and usage of “on” instead of (of and about).
Function is complex. On the one hand they have to contain a clear and intriguine message, on the other hand they should cause some interest of the reader.
Advertisment
The language is very positive, unreserved, laudatory, the vocabulary tends to be concrete, vivid and expressive. Figurative expressions are very common
The editorial
Are more the publicist style than newspaper’s. The function is to influence the reader by giving communications of certain expectation. We observe the use of emotionally colored language elements, political words and expressions, terms, abbreviations, as well as colloquial words, slang and professionalisms. A lot of stylistic devices.
Publicist style
It has the same characteristics as the newspaper style, but in other proportion. It is more expressiveFunction is the same as newspaper, but exept informing and forming public opinion, exept entertainment.
Publicist style genres: essays, journalistic (srticle), oratorical (speech)
Bilaterial style
The indispensable linguistic features:
1.genuine imagery, achieved by linguistic means
2.the use of words in contextual and often in more than one dictionary meaning
3.a vocabulary, reflecting personal attitude to things or phenomena, evaluation.
4.idiolect (авторская речь) peculiar individual selection of linguist means
Emotive prose
Imaginary isn’t so rich as in poetry. The language usually conforms to the literary norms of a given period. Function:aethetic-cognitive, pragmatic function, communicative function. The language os plays is entirely dialogue. It’s always stylized. It tries to present real life.
Scientific prose
Function:to inform.
Objectivity, impersonality, logical argumentation, precision and accuracy, generalization sometimes. Objectivity is reached through the use of terms, definitions, figures, formulas, references or quotations.
Official documents
Special system of clishes, terms and set expressions, each substance can be easily recognized. Abbreviations, conventions, symbols.
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