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Literary writings are never homogeneous, their form and essence are different due to the information they carry. Both depend on the viewpoint of the author, and his personages may offer different angles of perception of the same object. It is the author who organizes this effect of polyphony, but we, readers, identify various views with various personages, not attributing them directly to the author. So from this point of view of the speaker we can identify four types of narration:
1) Author's narrative. 2) Dialogue. 3) Interior speech. 4) Represented speech. 1). The author's narrative. The author's views and emotions are most explicitly expressed in the author's speech - the author's narrative. The unfolding of the plot is mainly concentrating here, personages are given characteristics, the time and the place of action are also described here. The author's narrative supplies the reader with direct information about the author's preferences and objections, beliefs and contradictions, ideas and emotions. It is the major source of shaping up the author's image.
In contemporary prose trying to impress the reader with the effect of authenticity the writer can entrust some character with the task of story-telling. The writer himself hides behind the figure of the narrator, presents all the events from the latter's viewpoint and only sporadically emerges in the narration with his own considerations, which may reinforce or contradict views of the narrator. This form of the author's speech is called entrusted narrative. (препорученная речь). The structure of the entrusted narrative is much more complicated, than that of the author's narrative, because instead of one, commanding image of the author we have the hierarchy of the narrator's image and above it, the image of the author.
Entrusted narrative can be carried out in the 1st person singular, when the narrator tells the story openly and explicitly, from his own name. E.g. in The great Gatsby Nick Carraway tells about Jay Gatsby; or Mr. Brown in The Comedians by Graham Greene, or Joe Lampton in Room at the top.
Entrusted narrative may also be anonymous. The narrator does not openly claim responsibility for the views and evaluations, but the manner of presentation, the slant (точка зрения, позиция, отношение) very strongly suggest that the story is not told by the author himself, but some of his characters. But sometimes these two types are so closely interwoven that it's almost impossible to differentiate between them. This happens when the author's and the character's viewpoints coincide.
2) Dialogue. The next important type of narration is dialogue. The participants of the dialogue, while discussing other people, expose themselves too. So dialogue is one of the most significant forms or the character's self-characterization. It allows the author to seemingly eliminate himself from the process.
3)The third form is interior speech of the personage. It can be further subdivided into a) - inner monologue, b) - short in-sets, c) - stream of consciousness.
Interior speech allows the reader to peep into the inner world of the character. Interior speech is best known in the form of the inner monologue, rather long pieces of text, dealing with one major topic of the character's thinking. The end of the inner monologue can be always identified - when the inner speech ends and converts into author's narrative. The author's narrative usually begins with a new paragraph with special lexical signs, marking the transference from thoughts into the outer world, like "at that moment", "just then". So the right border of the inner monologue and its switch to some other kind of narration is marked by the beginning of a new paragraph and a special lexical sign. The left border - the beginning of the inner monologue is almost always blurred and the switch to the inner monologue is hidden.
There are also short in-sets (вставка, врезка) of interior speech, which present immediate mental and emotional reactions of the personage. In-sets are usually printed in italics. For example:
...He kept pausing to take a breath, to probe the depth of the hole. Go slow. Go slow. Suddenly he felt the last filigree of bone give way, and the drill broke through, (the personage a -surgeon - is operating on the scull of his patient.)
One more form of interior speech is so-called stream-of-consciousness technique. It became rather popular in modernism.
Language means employed in the dialogue and interior speech constitute the character's speech characteristic.
4)Represented speech. The last - the fourth - type of narration is a peculiar blend of the viewpoints and language of both the author and the character. It was first observed and analysed almost a hundred years ago. Represented speech can be further subdivided into a) - represented inner speech and b) - represented uttered speech. The first one serves to show the character's thinking. The second one shows his actually spoken ideas. (E.g....And she (June) promptly opened her attack: Did Soames know his work? It was wonderful. He was the coming man. Oh yes, Soames knew his work, It was in his view "splashy", and would never get hold of the public. June blazed up.). The author's narrative can alternate with the character's represented speech, and sometimes we must make an effort to tell one from the other.
The difference between represented inner speech and character's interior monologue/speech. Represented inner speech is close to the character's interior monologue/speech in essence, but differs from it in form: it is rendered in the third person singular and may have the author's qualitative words. So represented inner speech reflects the presence of the author's viewpoint alongside that of the character. And interior speech belongs to the character completely. It is rendered in the first person.
Examples: 1) He looked up at the sky and said: "The stars are so bright tonight!"
2) He looked at the sky and said that the stars were very bright.
3) He looked at the sky. The stars were so bright!
1) - author's narrative + dialogue (part of it)
2) - author's narrative
3) - represented inner speech
Classification, based on the semantics of the text. It comprises three narrative compositional forms:
l)narrative proper - where the unfolding of the plot is concentrated. This is the most dynamic
compositional form of the text.
2)Descriptive form - which is static, supplies the details of the appearance of the people, of the
place and time of action.
3)Argumentation - which is also static, offers causes and effects the character's behaviour, his
or the author's considerations about moral, ethical and other issues.
These compositional forms are rather seldom used in a "pure" way. As a rule they intermingle even within the boundaries of a paragraph.
All the compositional forms can be found in each of the types of narration but with strongly varying frequencies.
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