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According to different principles of classification, classifications can be:
- morphological;
- lexical-morphological;
- syntactical;
- functional.
A. Morphological classifications..
I. According to their stem-types all verbs fall into: simple ( to go), sound-replacive (food - to feed, blood - to bleed), stress-replacive (import - to im port, transport - to transport, expanded (with the help of suffixes and prefixes): cultivate, justify, overcome, composite (correspond to composite nouns): to blackmail), phrasal: to have a smoke, to give a smile (they always have an ordinary verb as an equivalent).
2.According to the way of forming past tenses and Participle II verbs can be regular and irregular.
B. Lexical-morphological classification is based on the implicit grammatical meanings of the verb. According to the implicit grammatical meaning of transitivity/intransitivity verbs fall into transitive and intransitive.
According to the implicit grammatical meaning of stativeness/non-stativeness verbs fall into stative and dynamic.
According to the implicit grammatical meaning of terminativeness/non-terminativeness verbs fall into terminative and durative.
This classification is closely connected with the categories of Aspect and Phase.
C. Syntactic classifications.
According to the nature of predication (primary and secondary) all verbs fall into finite and non-finite. According to syntagmatic properties (valency) verbs can be of obligatory and optional valency, and thus they may have some directionality or be devoid of any directionality. In this way, verbs fall into the verbs of directed (to see, to take, etc.) and non-directed action (to arrive, to drizzle, etc.):
D. Functional classification. According to their functional significance verbs can be notional (with the full lexical meaning), semi-notional (modal verbs, link-verbs), auxiliaries.
8. The verb. Category of tense
The category of tense is a verbal category that reflects the objective category of time. The essential characteristic of the category of tense is that it relates the time of the action, event or state of affairs referred to in the sentence to the time of the utterance (the time of the utterance being 'now ' or the present moment). The tense category is realized through the oppositions. The binary principle of oppositions remains the basic one in the correlation of the forms that represent the grammatical category of tense. The present moment is the main temporal plane of verbal actions. Therefore, the temporal dichotomy may be illustrated by the following graphic representation (the arrows show the binary opposition):
Present Past
Future I Future II
Generally speaking, the major tense-distinction in English is undoubtedly that which is traditionally described as an opposition of past::present. But this is best regarded as a contrast of past:: non-past. Quite a lot of scholars do not recognize the existence of future tenses, because what is described as the 'future' tense in English is realized by means of auxiliary verbs will and shall. Although it is undeniable that will and shall occur in many sentences that refer to the future, they also occur in sentences that do not. And they do not necessarily occur in sentences with a future time reference. That is why future tenses are often treated as partly modal.
8
Одна из основных характеристик глагола-время. Оно оценивается индивидом по отношению к настоящему моменту. Настоящее-демаркационная линия между прошлым и будущим.
Смирнитский и Ильиш считают, что время представлено тремя временами -Пр, наст, буд. Ильиш считает, что фьюча ин зэ паст не вклинивается в понятие демаркейшн лайн и лайн вообще, потому что начальная точка это прошлое у него. Блох решает эту проблему, время представлено в двух стадиях:
1. Абсолютная временная характеристика- Оппозиция прошлого к настоящему. Ретроспэктив эвалуэйшн оф тайминг. Праймари тайм.
2. Неабсолютная- фьюча к нон-фьюча. Проспэктив эвалуэйшн. Проспэктив тайм.
Обе они отвечают на вопрос what is the timing of a process.
Праймари тайм представлено суффиксом ed, с неправильными глаголами- фонетические изменения.
Ещё одна причина, по которой паст-прэзэнт выделяют, это this system is specifically marked by -do forms- of the indefinite aspect. The specific feature of the category of primiry time is that it divides all the tense forms into 2 temporal plains. The plain of present, the plain of past, which also effect future forms. Не знаю чо за плэйн, но это кажется важным
9. Shall will + inf
The category of tense
Time is an unlimited duration in which things are considered as happening in the past, present or future. Time stands for a concept with which all mankind is familiar. Time is independent of language. Tense stands for a verb form used to express a time relation. Time is the same to all mankind while tenses vary in different languages. Time can be expressed in language in two basic ways: 1)lexically; 2) grammatically.
The category of tense is considered to be an immanent grammatical category which means that the finite verb form always expresses time distinctions. The category of tense finds different interpretations with different scholars.
According to one view, there are only two tenses in English: past and present. Most British scholars do not recognize the existence of future. It is considered to be a combination of the modal verb and an infinitive used to refer to future actions. The modal verbs “shall” and “will” preserve their lexical meaning of “wish, volition”. In that case combinations of the modal verbs with notional verbs should be regarded as free syntactical constructions, not as analytical structures. However, there are some examples in which the notion of volition cannot be implied:
eg. He will die in a week.
I shall be twenty next Friday.
Provided that the situation is realistic, in these contexts lexical meanings of “shall” and “will” are not present. These elements render only grammatical meanings, therefore they serve as auxiliaries and such combinations must be regarded as analytical structures. So we have to recognize the existence of pure futurity in English.
In traditional linguistics grammatical time is often represented as a threeform category consisting of the “linear” past, present and future forms. The meaning of the category of tense is the relation of the action expressed by a finite verb to the moment of speaking. Present denotes coincidence, past denotes a prior action, future denotes a posterior action which follows the moment of speaking. 39 The future-in-the-past does not find its place in the scheme based on the linear principle since it does not show any relation to the moment of speaking, hence this system is considered to be deficient, not covering all lingual data. Those who deny the existence of simple future in English consider future-in-the-past one of the mood forms. Those who recognize the existence of simple future argue that it is used in the same situation when simple future is used, in subordinate clauses when the principal clause contains a past form. So, this form is different only in one respect – it is dependent on the syntactic structure. According to the concept worked out by Prof. Blokh, there exist two tense categories in English. The first one – the category of primary time – expresses a direct retrospective evaluation of the time of the process denoted. It is based upon the opposition of past vs. present, the past tense being its strong member. The second one – the category of “prospective time” – is based on the opposition of “after-action” and “non-after-action”, the marked member being the future tense.
ЛЕКЦИЯ
The opposition of the future receive the complementary manifestations. One man of present time plain of verb shall/will+inf the other sould/would. The combination of verb shall/will+inf have latest become of sum of discussion. The conversial point about them whether combinations really constibute together with the form of the past and present, the categorical expression of verbal tense or a just modal phrases.
Many Grammatitiance recognize the existence of the future tense. Otto Jepsen denies the exictance of it because according to him, the verb shal/will receive some of original meaning. Shall- obligation
Will- volation.
Shall/will may in some context reserve the priginal meaning of obligation and volation (ILysh)
As a rule, there are devobe of any meaning and express pure futurality.
“in that acase I shall to have change my plan”
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