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1. " Museology ". Term. General concept.
2.Metod museology.
3.Muzeevedcheskoe education.
"Museology". Term. General concept.
In Russian literature usually used as equivalent terms " museum compotents" and "museology ". In the last decade of the twentieth century as a reaction to the socialization of the museum and gain theoretical trends in museology tendency to share the concept of "museum compotents" and "museology", which is reflected mainly in the separation of the two disciplines of educational standards (see museological education). The difference between museology and museum compotents as a discipline is not observed, as in the framework of theoretical museology implemented a systematic approach and explores and discusses the entire spectrum of contemporary issues related to the preservation and actualization of all forms of cultural and natural, movable and immovable, tangible and intangible heritage. Formulation and solution of problems in a broad socio-cultural context of an established and led at the turn of the XX and XXI centuries tendency to refer to museology culturalist disciplines. Total museology studying patterns that are typical of any museum as an institution of social memory. Special museology associated with specialized disciplines studying these patterns in relation to the characteristics and functioning of the particular profile of the museum.
Museology as a scientific discipline has its object, method, language and structure.
Object Museology - Museum and museology as a social phenomenon in all its manifestations.
Subject museology - objective laws related to processes of accumulation, preservation and transmission of social information, traditions and emotions through museum objects, the processes of emergence, development and social functioning museum.
Method of museology. Museology uses techniques borrowed from the arsenal of the various arts and sciences (special techniques and auxiliary historical disciplines, pedagogy, psychology, sociology, radiography, spectrograph and other methods of natural sciences, methods of field research, direct observation, and experimental methods in t.ch. historic experiment, simulation method etc.). At the same time, being integrated into the structure of museum and adapted to attain its objectives, these methods act in combination, and other sciences characteristic thus acquire a new value.
Museology as emerging scientific discipline is under develop their own language. In the arsenal of museological conceptual apparatus are now present terms borrowed from other fields of knowledge; terms borrowed, but adapted to the research objectives of museology and acquired in the context of museum value different from the original, and finally Museological own terms not occur in languages other sciences. Currently, however, adjustment is needed and unification of the conceptual apparatus to a new level.
Thus, it is possible to determine the place of museology in the sciences as a social (humanitarian) science being in close relationship with other public, as well as natural and technical sciences. At this stage of museology borrows from them some of the methods, the elements of the conceptual apparatus (language), adapting them to solve their own problems.
Museological education. Museological cformirovalos education as a system in the 20th century. Prior to the 20th century. transfer of experience and skills of the museum profession carried out directly in museums and based on tradition. Major museums (Armory Historical Museum, the Tretyakov Gallery, Polytechnical Museum, Museum of the Revolution) in the early years of its formation, is the school training of museum professionals, primarily - keepers. To this day, the museum workers generally receive basic education on the profile (history, art, science, etc.) or a related discipline with museology (education, sociology). As part of the study of these subjects may be taught in high schools small special needs associated with a particular profile museums, museology.
By the beginning. 20. SP is the beginning of teaching Kuznetsov in Moscow Archaeological Institute course " Introduction to museology " and attempts to introduce museological studies in a number of other universities. In the 1920s - early 1930s. attempts to solve the problem of training of museum professionals found refraction in the creation of some museological cents and graduate on the basis of major museums. Since 1932, according to the ruling of the People's Commissariat of Education determined the structure of the museum staff: undergraduate museological education departments pedagogical institutes and universities; postgraduate museum, secondary vocational education in colleges museum, long (one-year) and short-term training courses museum workers. However, most were created in the 1920s -30s research and training centers, university departments and courses have existed for long, and in practice museological education system in these years and has not developed. After World War II until 1953 functioned museology department at MSU. In the 1970s and 80s the main role in the preparation of museum personnel belonged to the central and local courses. Significant role in preparing the museum staff was called upon to play founded in 1930 in Moscow Research Institute of Museology (now - Russian Institute for Cultural Research), which functioned as a research, methodological, and educational center for the training of museum personnel of higher qualification. The Institute also plays a pivotal role in the development of literature on museology. Since the late 1980s, the Institute Dissertation Council for doctoral and master's theses in " Museology ".
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