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SD is a conscious and intentional intensification of some typical structural and/or semantic property of a language unit prompted to a generalised status and thus becoming a generative mode.
The sentence, as a unit of a certain level, is a sequence of relatively independent lexical and phrasal units (words or word combinations), and what differentiates a sentence from a word is the fact that the sentence structure is changeable; it does have any constant length: it can be shortened or extended, complete or incomplete, simple, compound or complex. Besides, its constituents, length, word-order, as well as communicative type (assertion, negation, interrogation, exhortation) are variable.
ELLIPSIS
An elliptical sentence is such a syntactic structure in which there is no subject, or predicate, or both.
- Hullo! Who are you?
- The staff.
NOMINATIVE (NOMINAL) SENTENCES
A nominative sentence is a variant of one-member structures: it has neither subject nor predicate. It is called nominative or nominal because its basic (head) component is a noun or a noun-like element (gerund, numeral). For example:
Morning. April. Problems.
BREAK-IN-THE-NARRATIVE
Like ellipsis, aposiopesis is also realized through incompleteness of sentence structure, though this incompleteness is of different structural and semantic nature: it appears when the speaker is unwilling to proceed and breaks off his narration abruptly:
If you go on like this...
ASYNDETON
It is deliberate omission of structurally significant conjunctions and connectives.
John couldn 't have done such a silly thing, he is enough clever for that. Fathers,
mothers, uncles, cousins. Cocking tails and pricking whiskers,...
REPETITION
Stylistic repetition of language units in speech (separate words, word-combinations or sentences) is one of the most frequent and potent stylis-tic devices.
Never take the rifle again. Put it back! put it back! Put it back!
ANAPHORA.
The repeated word or word-combination is at the beginning of each consecutive syntactic structure.
Victory is what we need. Victory is what we expect.
EPIPHORA.
The repeated unit is placed at the end of each consecutive syntactic structure.
It is natural to be scared in a case like that. You are sure to be petrified in a case
like that.
FRAMING. The initial part of a language unit is repeated at the end of this unit.
Poor Mary. How much Jack loved her! What will he do now? I wish it hadn't
happened. Poor Mary.
POLYSYNDETON
It is stylistically motivated redundant repetition of conjunctions or prepositions:
The dog barked and pulled Jack, and growled, and raged.
PARALLEL CONSTRUCTIONS
Parallelism is a stylistic device of producing two or more syntactic structures according to the same syntactic pattern:
Mary cooked dinner, John watched TV, Pete played tennis.
INVERSION
Inversion is the syntactic phenomenon of intentional changing word-order of the initial sentence model:
To her family Martha gives all her time
RHETORIC QUESTIONS
These are not questions but affirmative or negative statements put into the interrogative shape. A rhetoric question needs no answer, because the answer to it is quite obvious:
Me a liar?
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