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In this material, we offer a simplified description of intonation and tones of American English for those who are studying them on their own. The following tones are briefly described in this material: falling tone, rising tone; fall-rise; high fall, low fall; high rise, mid-level rise, low rise.
Intonation is the melody of the sentence. Intonation is created by changes in the pitch of the voice (the voice goes higher and lower; remains on the same level; rises or falls), by sentence stress (strong stress on important words; weak stress or no stress on less important words), and by rhythm (stressed syllables occur at more or less equal intervals). The most important function of intonation is to distinguish types of sentences (statements, questions, commands, requests).
The tone (rise, fall, etc.) is the most significant pitch change that takes place at the end of sense groups and at the end of the sentence. The terminal tone at the end of the sentence is the most important means for determining the type of the sentence (statements, questions, commands, requests). (Some other terms related to intonation and tones are described inIntroduction and Glossary of Terms in the section Phonetics.)
The most powerful expressive means of ant language are phonetic.
The human voice can indicate subtle nuances of meaning that no other means can attain. Pitch, melody, stress, pausation, drawling out certain syllables, whispering, a sing-song manner and other ways of using the voice are much more effective than any other means in intensifying an utterence emotionaly or logicaly.
Onomatopoeia is a combination of speech sounds which alms at imitating sounds produced in nature (wind, sea, thunder, etc.) by things (machines or tools, etc.) by people (singing, laughter) and animals. Therefore the relation between onomatopoeia and the phenomenon it is supposed to represent is one of metonymy.Onomatopoeia is the choice of sounds capable of suggesting the image of the object by their very sounding, imitating the signified object or action.
E.g. bubble, splash, rustle, purr, flop, babble, giggle, whistle.
Alliteration is a phonetic stylistic device which aims at imparting a melodic effect to the utterance. The essence of this device lies in the repetition of similar sounds, in particular consonant sounds, in close succession, particularly at the beginning of successive words.
T hen t hey t oo s leep s erenely after s trenuous s tretching.
Assonance – repetition of stress vowel. The rain in Spain falls mainly on the plane.
Rhyme – is the repetition of identical or similar terminal sound combination of words.
The full rhyme: mighit-right
Incomplete rhyme: *vowel – flash-fresh-press. * consonant – tale-tool-treable-trouble
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