Wordbuilding is the creation of a word..
Affixation is one of the most productive ways of word-building throughout the history of English.
Suffixation. The main function of suffixes in Modern English is to form one part of speech from another, the secondary function is to change the lexical meaning of the same part of speech. (e.g. «educate» is a verb, «educatee» is a noun, and «music» is a noun, «musicdom» is also a noun).
There are different classifications of suffixes:
1.Part-of-speech classification.
2.Semantic classification.
3. Suffixes changing the lexical meaning of the stem can be subdivided into groups.
4.Origin of suffixes.
5.Productivity.
Prefixation is the formation of words by means of adding a prefix to the stem. In English it is characteristic for forming verbs. Prefixes can be classified according to the nature of words in which they are used: prefixes used in notional words and prefixes used in functional words. e.g. un-(unhappy).
Prefixes can be classified according to different principles:
1. Semantic classification: a) prefixes of negative meaning, such as: in- (invaluable), non- (nonformals), un- (unfree) etc, b) prefixes denoting repetition or reversal actions, such as: de- (decolonize), re- (revegetation), dis- (disconnect), c) prefixes denoting time, space, degree relations, such as: inter- (interplanetary), hyper- (hypertension), ex- (ex-student), pre- (pre-election), over- (overdrugging) etc.
2. Origin of prefixes: a) native (Germanic), such as: un-, over-, under- etc. b) Romanic, such as: in-, de-, ex-, re- etc. c) Greek, such as: sym-, hyper- etc.
CONVERSION (zero derivation)
A certain stem is used for the formation of a categorically different word without a derivative element being added.
Bag – to bag
Back – to back
Bottle – to bottle
This specific pattern is very productive in English
The most popular types are noun → verb or verb → noun
To take off – a take off
Conversion can be total or partial
Partial: the then president (тогдашний)
An adverb is used as an adjective, only in this particular context.
Total: work – to work
Shortening is the process and the result of forming a word out of the initial elements (letters, morphemes) of a word combination.
Shortenings are produced in 2 ways:
· To make a new word from a syllable (rarer two) of the original words. The latter may lose it’s beginning (telephone – phone, defence - fence), it’s ending (holidays – hols, advertisement- ad), or both the beginning and the ending (influenza – flu, refrigerator - fridge)
· To make a new word from the initial letters of a word group: U.N.O – United Nation Organization, B.B.C. and etc.
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