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SHOCK
I. Practice the pronounciation:
Anxiety consciousness hypoxemia
supply hypovolemic distributive cardiogenic obstructive secure adequately resuscitation survival controversial mortality
II. Learn the following words and word-combination:
| End-organ Perfusion Presentation Urine output End point refractory Sudden transition Obstructive Evidence Securing the airway via intubation Manage pain and anxiety Aggressively Resuscitation Outcome To promote Underlying cause Nature and extent of concurrent problems | орган-мишень перфузия (метод доставки жидкости (раствора) к органу путем подключения к его кровеносным сосудам) проявление диурез (образование и выделение мочи) конечная точка необратимый резкий переход закупоривающий проявление, выраженность, доказательство, признак обеспечивая попадание воздуха посредством интубации держать под контролем боль и тревогу интенсивно реанимация, оживление организма, приведение в сознание результат, исход назначать, внедрять, первопричина природа и степень сопутствующих проблем |
III. Match the following English words with the Russian ones:
| 1. хирургическое вмешательство 2. держать под контролем боль и тревогу 3. первичная реанимация 4. похожий исход, результат 5. сильные ушибы 6. дезориентация и слабость 7. синюшный и бледный 8. подтверждение преимущества 9. сопутствующие проблемы 10. предупреждение и лечение |
IV. Translate the word-combinations into your language:
To be associated with severe injuries, rapid heartbeat, life-threatening medical emergency, variety of effects, key dangers of shock, oxygen demand, to secure the airway via intubation, oxygen consumption, to remain undetermined, evidence of superiority, grave condition.
V. Find substitutes for the following word combinations:
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IV. Read and translate the text:
SHOCK
The clinical syndrome termed shock is a complex situation often associated with severe injuries.
The typical signs of shock are low blood pressure, a rapid heartbeat and signs of poor end-organ perfusion or "decompensation" (such as low urine output, confusion or loss of consciousness). Medical shock is a life-threatening medical emergency and one of the most common causes of death. Shock can have a variety of effects, all with similar outcomes, but all relate to a problem with the body's circulatory system. For example, shock may lead to hypoxemia (a lack of oxygen in arterial blood) or cardiac arrest (the heart stopping).
Signs and symptoms
The presentation of shock is variable with some people having only minimal symptoms such as confusion and weakness. While the general signs for all types of shock are low blood pressure, decreased urine output, and confusion may not always be present.
There are four stages of shock: initial, compensatory, progressive, refractory; and septic shock. As it is a complex and continuous condition there is no sudden transition from one stage to the next. At a cellular level shock is oxygen demand greater than oxygen supply.
Differential diagnosis
Shock is a common end point of many medical conditions. It has been divided into four main types: hypovolemic, distributive, cardiogenic and obstructive.
Management
The best evidence exists for the treatment of septic shock in adults. Management may include securing the airway via intubation to decrease the work of breathing, intravenous fluids and a passive leg raise, and blood transfusions. It is important to keep the person warm as well as adequately manage pain and anxiety as these can increase oxygen consumption.
Epidemiology
Hemorrhagic shock occurs in about 1-2% of trauma cases.
Prognosis
The prognosis of shock depends on the underlying cause and the nature and extent of concurrent problems. Hypovolemic, anaphylactic and neurogenic shocks are treatable and respond well to medical therapy. Septic shock however, is a grave condition with a mortality rate between 30% and 50%. The prognosis of cardiogenic shock is even worse.
VI. Answer the following questions to the text:
1. What is shock?
2. When does the state of shock occur?
3. What are the typical signs of shock?
4. What can shock lead to?
5. How many stages of shock do we distinguish?
6. What do you know about four types of shock?
7. What may management of shock include?
8. What is the prognosis of different types of shock?
Translate word-combinations from English into Russian:
Сильный ушиб, потеря сознания, неотложное состояние опасное для жизни, проявление болезни, помрачение сознания и слабость, сложное и продолжительное состояние, потребность и обеспечение кислородом, пассивное поднятие ног, хорошо реагировать на медицинское лечение, смертность.
IX. a). Read and translate the following text. Describe the patient in shock.
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