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Even contemporaries who are not separated by dialects but who come from different social classes that have very little contact and who are far apart in their education can often communicate with each other only through a similar process of translation.
Two different fields while speaking about translation from|into the foreign languae.
The interpreter’s job in the business world and that of the true translator in the areas of scholarship and the arts.
Writing is appropriate for the fields of scholarship and the arts because writing gives their works permanence. To transfer scholarly and artistic works orally would be as useless as it seems impossible. For business transactions, on the other hand, writing is only a mechanical device.
The activity of translating is radically different from mere interpreting.
The spoken word can be understood as an act of the speaker only if it is felt, at the same time, where and how the power of language has taken hold of him.
If understanding is already difficult within the same language, and presupposes a precise and profound penetration into the spirit of the language and into the characteristic traits of the writer, how much more will it not be a highly developed art when it deals with the products of a foreing and distant language.
If translator’s readers are supposed to understand, then they must comprehend the spirit of the language that was native to the writer, and they must be able to see his peculiar way of thinking and feeling.
Kinds of translation:
Paraphrase
Overcoming the irrationality of languages by mechanical way, adding of limiting and expanding definitions. It makes possible the rendering of content with limited precision, but the impression made by the original is lost. It is dealing with the elements of both languages as if they were mathematical symbols that can be reduced to the same value by increasing or decreasing them. But a paraphrase will not and can never look like something that was originally produced in the author’s language.
Applied in the field of scholarship
Imitation
Submits to irrationality of languages. Translation, made by this method is a whole composed from parts noticeably different from the parts of the original, but which comes as close in its effect to that original wholes as the difference in material permits. This kind of translation makes the same effect on recepient. Applied in the field of arts.
Some translators used the formula that an author should be translated as if he himself had written in the language of translation.
While providing the same impression:
Translator’s goal must be to provide his reader with the same image and the same pleasure as reading the original work. It’s hard to achieve, because even the word that is closest in etymology and derivation will not reproduce the meaning completely. Translator also should go about transmitting the feeling of foreigness to his readers, to whom he is presenting a translation in their mother tongue. Translator should be aware that his gentle sense for the native well-being of the language might be somewhat distorted.
Successful translation needs the understanding of foreign works to be a well-know and desirable situation, and that a certain flexibility be attributed to the native language.
Rules for translation:
Every concept depends on language, for even that which is universal, although situated outside the sphere of specific characteristic traits, is still illuminated and colored by language.
Sometimes several notions lack in the target language. In this case the translator must either cut some parts out completely and thereby destroy the form and the power of the whole, or he must put something else in their place.
Our language can only flourish and develop its own perfect power through the most varied contacts with what is foreign.
Five
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