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Guido’s thirteenth-century language is to twentieth-century Italian sense much less archaic than any fourteenth-, fifteenth- or early sixteenth-century English is for us.
Pre-Elizabethan English is a period when the writers were still intent on clarity and explicitness, still preferring them to magniloquence and the thundering pharase.
In the long run the translator is in all probability important to do all of the work for the linguistically lazy reader. He can show where the treasure lies, he can guide the reader in choice of what tongue to be studied. – This refers to ‘interpretive translation’.
When the ‘translator’ is definitely making a new poem – it is the domain of original writing.
Eleven
Jose Ortega y Gasset
The misery and the Splendor of Translation.
Human tasks are unrealizable.
The difficulty in translating books on the exact and natural sciences is less, but there is problem in translating the terminology.
He considers terminology to be pseudolanguage.
It’s utopian to believe that two words belonging to different languages and which the dictiornary gives us as translations of each other, refer to exactly the same objects.
Infected by the entrenched prejudice that through speech we understand each other, we make our remarks and listen in such good faith that we inevitably misunderstand each other much more than if we had remained silent and guessed.
The Basque language didn’t have the word for notion ‘God’. Language not only makes the expression of certain thoughts difficult, but it also impedes their reception by others, it paralyzes our intelligence in certain directions.
Each language is a different equation of statements and silences.
The enormous language of translation: in it one tries to say in a language precisely what that language tends to silence.
Famous linguist:
To speak in ancient times was a very different thing from what it is today: it was to speak seriously. The words, the morphology, the syntax enjoyed full meaning. The expressions were saying what seemed to be the truth about the world, were announcing new knowledge, learning. Nowadays this knowledge/information is known to be incorrect, we discredit what we are saying (El sol sale por Oriente). We don’t believe that The Sun can commit the action of rising, etc)
Indo-european believed that the most important difference between ‘things’ was sex, and also everything that existed was either an action (verb) or an agent (noun).
Languages separate us and discommunicate because they proceed from different mental pictures, from disparate intellectual systems.
Translation is a literary genre apart, different from the rest, with its own norms and own ends. Translation is not the work, but a path toward the work.
I imagine a form of translation that is ugly, as science has always been, that does not intend to wear literary garb, that is not easy to read but is very clear indeed. The reader must know beforehand that when reading a translation he will not be reading a literarily beautiful book but will be using an annoying apparatus in order to transmigrate within the original.
What is imperative is that, in translating, we try to leave our language and go to the other – and not the reverse, which is what is usually done.
Twelve
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