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After working with Joseph Breur at the Vienna General Hospital, Freud traveled to Paris to study hypnosis under Jean-Martin Charcot. When he returned to Vienna the following year, Freud opened his first medical practice and began specializing in brain and nervous disorders. Freud soon determined that hypnosis was an ineffective method to achieve the results he desired, and he began to implement a form of talking therapy with his patients. This method became recognized as a “talking cure” and the goal was to encourage the patient to tap into the unconscious mind and let go of the repressed energy and emotions therein. Freud called this function repression and felt that this action hindered the development of emotional and physical functionality, which he referred to as psychosomatic. The element of using talk therapy eventually became the foundation of psychoanalysis.
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Topic: Famous Psychologist Burrhus Frederic Skinner.
B. F. Skinner was one of the most influential of American psychologists. A radical behaviorist, he developed the theory of operant conditioning -- the idea that behavior is determined by its consequences, be they reinforcements or punishments, which make it more or less likely that the behavior will occur again. His principles are still incorporated within treatments of phobias, addictive behaviors, and in the enhancement of classroom performance (as well as in computer-based self-instruction). Skinner believed that the only scientific approach to psychology was one that studied behaviors, not internal (subjective) mental processes. He denied the existence of a mind as a thing separate from the body, but he did not deny the existence of thoughts, which he regarded simply as private behaviors to be analyzed according to the same principle as publicly observed behaviors.
To further improve the objective scientific value of observed behaviors he invented the Skinner box, a small, soundproof chamber in which an animal could be isolated from all distractions and outside influences, responding only to the controlled conditions within the box. It is sometimes reported that that Skinner put his daughter Deborah into a Skinner Box in her early years. This is a confusion with his "baby tender" invention, which was an air-conditioned crib with see through walls. By Deborah's own account, her crib provided her a place to sleep and to remain warm without the rashes involved in being wrapped within numerous layers of clothes and blankets. Deborah slept in her novel crib until she was two and a half years old, and by all accounts grew up a happy, healthy, thriving child and is now a successful artist living in London.
In 1948, Skinner published his actual ideas on child-rearing in Walden Two, a fictional account of a behaviorist-created utopia in which carefree young parents stroll off to work or school while their little ones enjoy all the comforts of community-run, behaviorist-approved daycare. In 1971 he wrote Beyond Freedom and Dignity, which suggests that the concept of individual freedom is an illusion. Skinner later sought to unite the reinforcement of individual behaviors, the natural selection of species, and the development of cultures under the heading of The Selection by Consequences (1981), the first of a series of articles in the journal Science.
Skinner was heavily influenced by the work of John B. Watson as well as early behaviorist pioneers Ivan Pavlovand Edward Thorndike. He spent most of his professional life teaching at Harvard University (after 9 years in the psychology department at Indiana University). He died in 1990 of leukemia
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Topic: Famous Psychologist Jung, Carl Gustav.
Carl Jung was an early 20th century psychotherapist and psychiatrist who created the field of analytical psychology. He is widely considered one of the most important figures in the history of psychology.
Early Life
Carl Gustav Jung was born in Switzerland in 1875 to Emilie Preiswerk and Paul Jung, a pastor. Because of his father’s faith, Jung developed a keen interest in religious history, but he settled on the study of medicine at the University of Basel. After he completed his medical degree, Jung joined the staff at Burghoelzli Clinic in Zurich, Switzerland as an intern to Eugen Bleuler, where he explored the unconscious mind and its related complexes. He also traveled to Paris to study under Pierre Janet in 1902. In 1905, Jung was appointed to the faculty at the University of Zurich where he worked until 1913.
Jung married Emma Rauschenbach in 1903. The couple had five children and remained married until Emma's death in 1955, although Jung's extramarital affairs were extensive. Jung died in Switzerland in 1961.
Professional Life
Jung sent a copy of his book Studies in Word Association to Sigmund Freud in 1906, and Freud reciprocated by inviting Jung to visit Vienna. Their friendship lasted until 1913, at which time they parted ways due to a difference in academic opinion. Jung agreed with Freud’s theory of the unconscious, but Jung also believed in the existence of a deeper collective unconscious and representative archetypes. Freud openly criticized Jung's theories, and this fundamental difference caused their friendship and psychological views to diverge.
Jung traveled throughout the world to teach and influence others with his psychoanalytical theories. He published many books relating to psychology, and others that seemed outside the realm science, including Flying Saucers: A Modern Myth of Things Seen in the Skies, which examined and dissected the psychological significance of UFO sightings. Jung’s work embodied his belief that each person has a life purpose that is based in a spiritual self. Through his eastern, western, and mythological studies, Jung developed a theory of transformation called individuation that he explored in Psychology and Alchemy, a book in which he detailed the relationship of alchemies in the psychoanalytical process.
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Topic: My Biography.
Theme that gives me this "My biography". It sounds too significant. This means that something very important. I'm sorry to say that there is little to talk about my life. I'm too young to have my own family, I'm not married. My name Kolganat. My name Zhumabaev.Otchestvo Azamatovich. So my full name. I'm twenty years old. I was born on the first of July the city of Uralsk. I was born here but only studied in Kyzyl Orda village in Cork ata.This village I went from 1st to 3rd class then moved to Atyrau I studied there for 1 year and we returned to your wonderful city of Uralsk. I've graduated from high school number 25. After school I went to college name M.Utemisova.Ya 3'm aware of my profession pedagogy and enjoy psihologiya.Mne own profession because she was too uchyat me to something in this zhizni.A advise everyone to go to this institution.
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Topic: My Working day.
On weekdays, I usually get up almost six hours. I do not like to get up early, but I have to because I have a lot of work that I need to do during the day.
I fill the bed, wash my face, put on his clothes and go to the kitchen for breakfast. My mom usually cooks breakfast for me, but sometimes I do it myself. If I cook my breakfast myself, I have to get up earlier. I do not like big breakfasts; I prefer a cup of coffee and a sandwich.
Then I go to college. It is quite far from my house, and I go there by bus. I'm studying at the university until two or three o'clock in the afternoon, it depends on the day of the week. Then I come home and have dinner. I love a great dinner; because when I come home from the university, I'm hungry.
After my lunch, I rest a couple of hours, and then I do my homework. If I have some free time, I was doing some work around the house. I sweep the floor, furniture brush and tidy carpets with a vacuum cleaner. Sometimes my mom asked me to go shopping.
After that I have free time. I go out for a walk with my friends, or watch TV, or read a book, or play your favorite computer games. Then I had dinner with my family. I love the evening, when all the members of our family get together after work and study, and I have the opportunity to talk and discuss our family affairs.
I usually go to bed around ten o'clock, sometimes at eleven,
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Topic: Faculty of psychology
Profession psychologist appeared relatively recently. This and many erroneous and false information on the methods and content of science of psychology. Some people even confused so similar in sound but different in meaning profession as a psychiatrist, psychologist and psychotherapist. Immediately it should be noted that the psychiatrist and psychotherapist - doctors who have received a diploma in medical schools. A psychologist received his education in the discipline "Psychology" and the doctor is not. The subject of his work is not the human psyche, and his state of mind, inner peace. Psychologist treats, in the truest sense of the word, and helps a person to find harmony, both with yourself and the people around him.
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Topic: Sochi - a city of three seasons
Sochi has one of Russia's warmest and sunniest climates. In fact, on average the city benefits from 300 days of sunshine annually. Spread along the Black Sea, warm air masses that pass over the sea remain over Sochi as they are unable to pass the Mountains behind the city; this creaties a warm environement. The climate is classifed as subtropical, the only one of this type in all of Russia.
Sochi has three seasons with an extended summer. It remains warm enough in Sochi to swim from June through October. Aside from this it also has long days in the summer months due to its latitude, making the warmth all the more felt. Summer temperatures average at 80 degrees with the water temperature just slighly lower.
They say winter doesn't really exist in Sochi which makes it ironic that it is a contender for the 2014 Winter Olympics. But with the Caucasus Mountains just nearby, snow is in abundance as soon as you head to higher elevation. These months in the city hold on to humid air from the Black Sea and the average temperature is in the upper 40s to lower 50s with plenty of sun and moisture in the air.
The tourist high season is in the long summer as the majority of visitors enjoy swimming in the Black Sea. But any time of year is good to visit and the spas are open year round. As the city prepares more for the Olympics it will become more tourist friendly than ever before making it a great time to visit--now!
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Topic: Rostov-On-Don.
Since ancient times, the area around the mouth of the Don River has held cultural and commercial importance. Ancient indigenous inhabitants include the Scythian, Sarmat, and Savromat tribes. It was the site of Tanais, an ancient Greek colony, Fort Tana, under the Genoese and Fort Azak in the time of the Ottoman Empire.
On December 15, 1749, a custom house was established on the Temernik River, a tributary of the Don, by edict ofEmpress Elizabeth, the daughter of Peter the Great, in order to control trade with Turkey.[ citation needed ] It was co-located with a fortress named for Dimitry of Rostov, a metropolitan bishop of the old northern town of Rostov the Great. Azov, a town closer to the Sea of Azov on the Don, gradually lost its commercial importance in the region to the new fortress.
In 1756, the "Russian commercial and trading company of Constantinople" was founded at the "merchants' settlement" (Kupecheskaya Sloboda) on the high bank of the Don. Towards the end of the eighteenth century, with the incorporation of previously Ottoman Black Sea territories into the Russian Empire, the settlement lost much of its militarily strategic importance as a frontier post.
In 1796, the settlement was chartered and became the seat of Rostovsky Uyezd within Novorossiysk Governorate. In 1806, its name was changed to Rostov and later Rostov-on-Don. During the 19th century, due to its river connections with Russia's interior, Rostov developed into a major trade center and communications hub. A railway connection with Kharkivwas competed in 1870, with further links following in 1871 to Voronezh and in 1875 to Vladikavkaz.
Concurrent with improvements in communications, heavy industry developed. Coal from the Donets Basin and iron orefrom Krivoy Rog supported the establishment of an iron foundry in 1846. In 1859, the production of pumps and steam boilers began. Industrial growth was accompanied by a rapid increase in population, with 119,500 residents registered in Rostov by the end of the nineteenth century along with approximately 140 industrial businesses. The harbor was one of the largest trade hubs in southern Russia, especially for the export of wheat, timber, and iron ore.
In 1779, Rostov-on-Don became associated with a settlement of Armenian refugees from the Crimea at Nakhichevan-on-Don The two settlements were separated by a field of wheat. In 1928, the two towns were merged. The former town border lies beneath the Teatralnaya Square of central Rostov-on-Don. By 1928, following the incorporation of the hitherto neighboring city of Nakhichevan-on-Don, Rostov had become the third largest city in Russia.
In the early 20th century, epidemics of cholera during the summer months were not uncommon.
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Topic: The Russian Federation.
Russia (from the Greek. - Russ, officially the Russian Federation or Russia, in practice, is also a reduction of the Russian Federation) - a country in Eastern Europe and Northern Asia. Population - 146 100 000. (2014), the territory - 17,125,187 km². Ranked first in the world in area and ninth largest by population.
Capital - Moscow. Official language - Russian.
Semi-presidential system the federal structure. In May 2012, the presidency has won Vladimir Putin, Prime Minister - Dmitry Medvedev.
In the Russian Federation there are 85 subjects [K 1], 46 of which are referred to as areas 22 - Republic, 9 - edges, 3 - federal cities, 4 - autonomous districts and 1 - an autonomous region.
Russia borders with eighteen countries (the largest in the world), including two partially recognized, including by land with the following countries: Norway, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Belarus, Ukraine, Abkhazia, South Ossetia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, China, Mongolia, North Korea, on the sea with Japan and the United States.
Characterized by significant ethnic and cultural diversity. Most (about 75%) of the population identify themselves as Orthodox, making Russia the country with the largest Orthodox population in the world.
According to the World Bank, the volume of GDP at PPP for 2012 amounted to $ 3.381 trillion ($ 23.549 per person). Currency - the Russian ruble (averaged rate for 2014 - 36 rubles per 1 US dollar).
A great power - candidates superpower, a permanent member of the UN Security Council. One of the leading space-faring nations of the world, possesses nuclear weapons and their means of "delivery."
After the collapse of the Soviet Union at the end of 1991, the Russian Federation has been recognized by the international community as the successor state of the USSR, and took his place in the UN Security Council. Russia is in a number of international organizations - UN, OSCE, Council of Europe, EAEC, CIS, EurAsEC, CSTO, CACO, SCO, APEC, and other
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Topic: Moscow.
Moscow is the capital of Russia, its political, economic and cultural center. It was founded 8 centuries ago by Prince Yuri Dolgoruky. Historians have accepted the year of 1147 as the start of Moscow's history. Gradually the city became more and more powerful. In the 13th century Moscow was the center of the struggle of Russian lands for the liberation from the tartar yoke. In the 16th century under Ivan the Terrible Moscow became the capital of the new united state. Though Peter the Great moved the capital to St. Petersburg in 1712, Moscow remained the heart of Russia.
Now Moscow is one of the largest cities in Europe. Its total area is about 900 square km. The population of the city is over 8 million people.
Moscow is one of the most beautiful cities in the world. The heart of Moscow is Red Square. The Kremlin and St. Basil's Cathedral are masterpieces of ancient Russian architecture. The main Kremlin tower, the Spasskaya Tower, has become the symbol of the country. On the territory of Kremlin you can see old cathedrals, the Bell Tower, the Palace of Congress, the Tzar-Cannon and the Tzar-Bell, the biggest cannon and bell in the world. St. Basil's Cathedral was built in the mid-16th century in memory of the victory over Kazan. There is a legend, that Ivan the Terrible blinded the architects Barma and Postnik, because he didn't want them to create another masterpiece.
Moscow is famous for its theatres. The best known of them is the Bolshoi Opera House. Drama theatres and studios are also very popular.
Moscow is a city of students. There are over 80 higher educational institutions in it, including several universities.
Moscow is the seat of the Russian Parliament and the center of political life of the country.
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Topic: The United Kingdom.
The United Kingdom (or Great Britain) is situated on the British Isles. The British Isles consist of two large islands, Great Britain and Ireland, and about five thousand small islands. Their total area is over 244.000 square kilometres.
The United Kingdom is made up of four countries: England, Wales, Scotland (on the island of Great Britain), and Northern Ireland (on the island of Ireland). Their capitals are London, Cardiff, Edinburgh, and Belfast respectively. The capital of the UK is London.
The British Isles are separated from the European continent by the North Sea and the English Channel. The western coast of Great Britain is washed by the Atlantic Ocean and the Irish Sea.
The surface of the British Isles varies very much. The north of Scotland is mountainous and is called the Highlands, while the south, which has beautiful valleys and plains, is called the Lowlands. The north and west of England are mountainous, but all the rest cast, centre, and south-east — is a vast plain. Mountains are not \ ei \ high. Ben Nevis in Scotland is the highest mountain (1.343 m).
There are a lot of rivers in Great Britain, hut they are not very long. The Severn is the longest river, while the Thames is the deepest one.
The mountains, the Atlantic Ocean, and the warm waters of Gulf Stream influence on the climate of the British Isles. It is mild the whole year round.
The UK is one of the world's smallest countries. Its population is over 57 million. About 80 % of the population is urban.
The UK is a highly developed industrial country. It is known as one of the world's largest producers and exporters of machinery, electronics, textile, aircraft, and navigation equipment. One of the chief industries of the country is shipbuilding.
The UK is a constitutional monarchy. In law, Head of the State is Queen. In practice, Queen reigns, but does not rule. The country is ruled by the elected government with the Prime Minister at the head. The British Parliament consists of two chambers: the House of Lords and the House of Commons.
There are three main political parties in Great Britain: the Labour, the Conservative, and the Liberal parties.
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Topic: My plans for future.
My plans for the future I want to become a professional of the future professii.Dolgoe time I could not understand what I wanted to do in life. What do I want? For what purpose is born? Where is my place? But at some point I realized that I always liked to listen to people, to delve into their problems, understand different points of view. It is always good at it! And then, before the eyes of scrolling through all my life, I realized that psychology - what I need! It is a science that is needed for each, which, in my opinion, can not a priori be interesting. It is connected with the people! I really want to become a professional in this field. People are interested in all unidentified. Scientists say that the human brain is less studied than anything, it's a mystery of mysteries. What can we say about the mental processes that occur in each of us, minute by minute, day by day. Understand the person in need of support and render professional assistance - a task of the highest level. Responsibility that psychologists assume - great work by itself, not to mention the fact that incorrect management can lead to very unfortunate consequences. Personally, I dream to be engaged in Clinical Psychology! I think this age is the most important period in the life of man. This is the foundation on which further will house. It will improve and eventually acquire strong walls, a solid roof, and a bright nucleus! Children - our future, and as they grow up, depends on society, the environment, from us. Most want to make them feel happy. And who can help with this? Of course, parents, teachers, psychologists. The main thing - we have to love them! Just love... Now I find it hard to answer the question, if I could become a real expert. But I am convinced that such professions as doctors, teachers, psychologists should not be a simple "crust" of the diploma, and this prizvaniem.Professiya psychologist - a profession of the future!
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Topic: Brain.
The brain is an organ that serves as the center of the nervous system in all vertebrate and most invertebrate animals—only a few invertebrates such as sponges, jellyfish, adult sea squirts and starfish do not have a brain, even if diffuse neural tissue is present. It is located in the head, usually close to the primary sensory organs for such senses as vision, hearing, balance, taste, and smell. The brain is the most complex organ in a vertebrate's body. In a typical human, the cerebral cortex (the largest part) is estimated to contain 15–33 billion neurons,[1] each connected by synapses to several thousand other neurons. These neurons communicate with one another by means of long protoplasmic fibers called axons, which carry trains of signal pulses called action potentials to distant parts of the brain or body targeting specific recipient cells.
Physiologically, the function of the brain is to exert centralized control over the other organs of the body. The brain acts on the rest of the body both by generating patterns of muscle activity and by driving the secretion of chemicals called hormones. This centralized control allows rapid and coordinated responses to changes in the environment. Some basic types of responsiveness such as reflexes can be mediated by the spinal cord or peripheral ganglia, but sophisticated purposeful control of behavior based on complex sensory input requires the information integrating capabilities of a centralized brain.
From a philosophical point of view, what makes the brain special in comparison to other organs is that it forms the physical structure that is the seat of the mind. Through much of history, the mind was thought to be separate from the brain, and in ancient Egypt, from the lateMiddle Kingdom onwards, in preparation for mummification the brain was regularly removed, for it was the heart that was assumed to be the seat of intelligence. Modern neuroscience besides considering the brain to be the seat of the mind, also considers it to be the physical basis or source of the mind. AsHippocrates put it: "Men ought to know that from nothing else but the brain come joys, delights, laughter and sports, and sorrows, griefs, despondency, and lamentations."[2]Although even for present-day neuroscience, the mechanisms by which brain activity gives rise to consciousness and thought remain very challenging to understand: despite rapid scientific progress, much about how the brain works remains a mystery.[3] The operations of individual brain cells are now understood in considerable detail, but the way they cooperate in ensembles of millions has yet to be solved. The most promising approaches treat the brain as a biological computer, very different in mechanism from an electronic computer, but similar in the sense that it acquires information from the surrounding world, stores it, and processes it in a variety of ways, analogous to the central processing unit(CPU) in a computer.
This article compares the properties of brains across the entire range of animal species, with the greatest attention to vertebrates. It deals with the human brain insofar as it shares the properties of other brains. The ways in which the human brain differs from other brains are covered in the human brain article. Several topics that might be covered here are instead covered there because much more can be said about them in a human context. The most important is brain disease and the effects of brain damage, covered in the human brain article because the most common diseases of the human brain either do not show up in other species, or else manifest themselves in different ways.
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Topic: Habit.
A habit (or wont) is a routine of behavior that is repeated regularly and tends to occur unconsciously.[1][2][3] In the American Journal of Psychology (1903) it is defined in this way: "A habit, from the standpoint of psychology, is a more or less fixed way of thinking, willing, or feeling acquired through previous repetition of a mental experience."[4] Habitual behavior often goes unnoticed in persons exhibiting it, because a person does not need to engage in self-analysis when undertaking routine tasks. Habits are sometimes compulsory.[3][5] The process by which new behaviours become automatic is habit formation. Old habits are hard to break and new habits are hard to form because the behavioural patterns we repeat are imprinted in our neural pathways,[6] but it is possible to form new habits through repetition.[7]
As behaviors are repeated in a consistent context, there is an incremental increase in the link between the context and the action. This increases the automaticity of the behavior in that context.[8] Features of an automatic behavior are all or some of: efficiency, lack of awareness, unintentionality, uncontrollability.[9]
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Topic: Instinct.
Instinct - complex motor acts or sequence of actions inherent in the body of this type, the implementation of which depends on the functional state of the animal (defined by dominant needs) and the current situation at the moment. Instinctive reactions are innate, and their high species specificity is often used as taxonomic characters along with the morphological features of this type of zhivotnyh.Instinkt - complexes genetically fixed in the individual unconscious installations action sequences and algorithms behavior which will ensure the success of previous generations in the survival and the emergence of a viable individual. Instinct manifests itself in response to changes in the state of the environment, as well as response to projected changes in the external environment, neosoznavaemo estimated as affecting the survival of the individual.
Instinctive behavior - factor inheritance. However, the origin of instinctive behavior allows conclusions about the heterogeneity of assessments of environmental factors and differences in the manifestations of instincts in individuals. Fenotipichen instinct.
Also popular view is that instinctive behavior is called living beings, which can not be explained by training. That is, in most cases, researchers can not explain the nature of this behavior, and factors predetermination instinct genes are to give fashion and pseudo-scientific explanation, with no real understanding of the nature of the observed behavior. Just unofficially biologists and psychologists common position that instincts are aimed at the survival of the species, but most open publications interpreted instinct as an attempt to survive a single individual, the individual. Indicated aspects clarification of the term suggests that the concept of instinct is used not only in science, but it is widely exploited in promoting religious, philosophical and / or political attitudes.
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Topic: Agression.
Aggression - (from lat.- aggredi - attack) individual or collective behavior, action aimed at causing physical or psychological harm, damage or destruction to another person or group of people. In large part, the case of aggression occurs as a reaction to frustration and the subject is accompanied by emotional states of anger, hostility, hatred, etc.
Aggression is represented by multiple terms in everyday speech. Aggression "benign" (persistence, perseverance, sports rage, courage, courage, courage, courage, will, ambition), aggression "malignant" (violence, cruelty, arrogance, rudeness, unceremoniously, evil) and actually aggressive, destructive type of aggression (by Fromm).
Destructive aggression has always been associated with such philosophical and moral concepts as evil. Discussions about whether the evil immanent to man, or he is by nature good, continued throughout the long history of mankind. Already in ancient philosophy there are polar points of view on this issue. Chinese philosopher Sung Tzu believed that man has an "evil nature." Another Chinese philosopher Mencius proclaimed the idea that all people are born good, or at least morally neutral, and then perverse social factors can cause a person becomes angry. Philosopher was convinced that once a man is by nature good, then, consequently, forcing him to commit evil then forced to commit unnatural.
Expressed a similar idea and continued 19 centuries later, Jean-Jacques Rousseau.
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Topic: Famous Psychologist Wilhelm Max Wundt.
Professional Life
Wilhelm Wundt was born in Baden, Germany on August 16, 1832, to a Lutheran minister and his wife. Wundt studied medicine at the University of Tubingen for one year, but his academic performance was poor. After the death of his father, Wundt excelled academically at the University of Heidelberg, where he received his MD in 1855. Wundt continued studying at the University of Berlin after graduation.
In 1857, Wundt accepted a position as a lecturer at the University of Heidelberg, where he also worked as a lab assistant to Hermann Helmholtz, a physiologist. Wundt taught the first scientific psychology course beginning in 1862. That same year, he introduced the discipline of experimental psychology in the book Contributions to the Theory of Sensory Perception. In 1864, Wundt advanced to assistant professor of physiology, and he began to exploreneuropsychology.
Wundt’s 1874 book, Principles of Physiological Psychology, expanded on his experimental psychology theories, and in 1875, Wundt accepted the position of professor of philosophy at the University of Leipzig. Wundt created the first psychological research journal, Philosophical Studies, in 1881. He was a prolific writer, publishing numerous articles and books. Principles of Physiological Psychology, for example, is considered a classic in the field.
Contribution to Psychology
Wundt's primary contribution to psychology was his push to see the field recognized as a separate discipline. Prior to Wundt's work, psychology was a discipline that was typically incorporated into medicine or the life sciences. Wundt founded the first psychology research laboratory while at the University of Leipzig, marking the transition of psychology as a separate discipline. He placed a strong emphasis on ensuring psychology remained scientific, often setting up detailed, unique experiments to test psychological theories.
Wundt argued that a primary goal of psychology should be to understand and analyze consciousness. His experimental psychology laboratory was created to research spiritual theories, examine varying abnormal behaviors, and identify and isolate specific mental disorders. Paving the way for the acceptance of psychology as a distinct science, Wundt’s laboratory became a model for other psychology laboratories around the world. More than one hundred similar laboratories were in operation by 1900.
Wundt was also interested in linguistics and the inner workings of the human brain. He identified an optical illusion now known as the Wundt Illusion. In the illusion, two straight lines positioned in front of a series of angled lines appear to bend.
Wundt mentored more than 100 graduate students in psychology, including several who became well-known psychologists, including Ottmar Dittrich, James McKeen Catell, G. Stanley Hall, Walter Dill Scott, and Charles Spearman. Upon his death, many of Wundt's students began referring to his approach to the field as holistic psychology because of Wundt's emphasis on developing novel experiments and trying several different approaches to get to the bottom of any single psychological puzzle. In recognition of the contributions made to the emerging field of psychology by Wundt and William James, the founder of American psychology, the American Psychological Association created the “Wilhelm Wundt-William James Award for Exceptional Contributions to Trans-Atlantic Psychology.”
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