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12 Fill in “ inorganic” or “ organic”.
The industry includes manufacturers of 1 __________ and 2 ___________ industrial chemicals: ceramic products, petrochemicals, agrochemicals, polymers and rubber (elastomers), oleochemicals (oils, fats, and waxes), explosives, fragrances and flavors.
Traditionally, 3___________ chemicals are considered to be of a mineral, not biological, origin. Complementarily, most organic compounds are traditionally viewed as being of biological origin.
4 __________ can be formally defined with reference to what they are not – organic compounds. 5 ____________ are those which contain carbon, although some carbon-containing compounds are traditionally considered inorganic. When considering 6 __________ chemistry and life, it is useful to recall that many species in nature are not compounds per se but are ions. Sodium chloride and phosphate ions are essential for life, as are some 7 __________ molecules such as carbonic acid, nitrogen, carbon dioxide, water and oxygen. Aside from these simple ions and molecules, virtually all species covered by bioinorganic chemistry contain carbon and can be considered organic or organometallic.
13 Choose the words from the box to fill in the gaps in the text below. Then listen and check your answers.
| computers manufacturing buildings garment steelmaking substances distribution steel consumption production raw material finishing ore art construction stars cloth cotton |
Materials are 1 ____________ which are used to make different products with different properties used as inputs to 2 _________ or 3 _________or simply to create something new. Basically materials are the pieces required to make something else, from 4 __________ and 5 _________ to 6 _________ and 7 __________.
A material can be anything: a finished product in its own right or an unprocessed 8 __________. Raw materials are first extracted or harvested from the earth and divided into a form that can be easily transported and stored, then processed to produce semi-finished materials. These can be input into a new cycle of production and 9 __________ processes to create finished materials, ready for 10 __________, 11 __________ and 12 __________.
An example of a raw material is 13 __________, which is harvested from plants, and can then be processed into thread (also considered a raw material), which can then be woven into 14 ___________, a semi-finished material. Cutting and sewing the fabric turns it into a 15 ____________, which is the finished material. 16 __________ is another example – raw materials in the form of 17 __________ are mined, refined and processed into 18 ___________, the semi-finished material. Steel is then used as an input in many other industries to make finished products.
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