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Ability: 1) something that you are able to do, especially because you have a particular mental or physical skill; 2) someone’s, especially a student’s, level of intelligence or skill, especially in school or college work.
Abnormal psychology: the branch of psychology that studies unusual patterns of behaviour, emotion and thought, which may or may not be understood as precipitating a mental disease.
Abnormality: a behavioural attribute that reflects the deviation of mind from its normal state or typical behaviour. Abnormality being a subjective concept, it could be reflected in different forms.
Abstraction: the activity of retaining the relevant information required for a particular purpose by generalizing it.
Accommodation: the acceptance of new information, ideas and experiences results to the alteration of the existing schemas or thoughts.
Acculturation: the exchange of cultural features that results when groups of individuals having different cultures come into continuous first hand contact; the original cultural patterns of either or both groups may be altered, but the groups remain distinct.
Addiction: an excessive psychological dependence on a particular thing. A person could be addicted to drugs, money, work, gambling, eating, nicotine, pornography, computer, video games, etc.
Adjustment: the activity of balancing the needs that conflict with each other. Adjustment is a behavioural attribute found in both human beings and animals. It also means – to overcome the obstacles presented by the environment in order to fulfill the needs.
Adoption: the legal act of permanently placing a child with a parent or parents other than the birth (or "biological") mother or father.
Adult: a human being or living organism that is of relatively mature age, typically associated with sexual maturity and the attainment of reproductive age.
Ageing (aging AmE): the process of accumulation of changes in an organism over time. The changes that take place are psychological, physiological as well as social. In psychological terms, aging results in the expansion of knowledge and wisdom of a person.
Aggression: the behaviour of an individual which incorporates the intention of causing harm or pain to another individual.
Agitation: the state of restlessness or excitement of emotions.
Aid: the money to support a worthy person or cause. It also denotes public assistance, social welfare (eg. economic aid, financial aid).
Almsgiving (syn: Eleemosynary): the act of giving money, goods or time to the unfortunate, either directly or by means of a charitable trust or other worthy cause. The poor, particularly widows and orphans, and the sick and disabled, are generally regarded as the proper objects of almsgiving.
Almoner: a chaplain or church officer who originally was in charge of distributing charity.
Altruism: 1)the behaviour that is unselfish and may even be detrimental but which benefits others;2) selfless concern for the welfare of others. It is a traditional virtue in many cultures, and central to many religious traditions.
Ambiversion: a term used to describe people who fall more or less directly in the middle of extraversion-introversion and exhibit tendencies of both groups. An ambivert is normally comfortable with groups and enjoys social interaction, but also relishes time alone and away from the crowd.
Andragogy: consists of learning strategies focused on adults. It is often interpreted as the process of engaging adult learners with the structure of learning experience.
Anticipation: an emotion that involves the feeling of pleasure or anxiety with regards to an unexpected event.
Anti-racism: beliefs, actions, movements, and policies adopted or developed to oppose racism.
Anxiety: the physiological and psychological reaction to an expected danger, whether real or imagined.
Apathy: the state in which a person suppresses his emotions like motivation, excitement, concern, passion.
Aphasia: loss of language abilities due to brain damage, usually on the left side of the brain where most people have their “language centres”. When often see aphasia as the result of an adult who has had a stroke and has trouble naming items, remembering words, categorizing and conversing.Aphasia is a disorder in which any of the language modality of a person gets impaired. In this acquired language disorder, the person is not able to understand or produce written or spoken language.
Apperception: the process through which an individual assimilates and transforms a new experience with the help of the experience of past. It is the process of understanding the new experience in relation to the older experiences.
Appreciation: the act and result of showing someone that you are grateful for something they have done or value it.
Assertiveness: a personality trait characterized by the behaviour of communicating without being afraid to speak one's mind. Assertive people are known to defend their personal boundaries without being aggressive or passive.
Assessment: 1) a process in whichyou make a judgment about a person or situation. E.g. What’s your assessment of the situation in Northern Ireland? 2) a calculation about the cost or value of something. E.g. a tax assessment.
Assimilation: 1 ) theprocess and state of getting ready to use new ideas and information; 2) incorporation of new concepts into existing schemes.
Associative learning: the process by which an element is taught through association with a separate, pre-occurring element.
Attachment: the behaviour of person to show his proximity to another individual and which is the result of the activity of a number of behavioural systems.
Attention: a cognitive process in which one tries to focus his mind on a single aspect while ignoring the others.
Attitude: a concept that is used to denote the degree of like or dislike an individual exhibits for a particular thing. Attitude is associated with positive or negative views that a person has about places, events or other people altogether.
Attribution: the manner in which an individual describes or explains the cause of events, his own behaviour and the behaviour of others associated with the events.
Auditory learning: learning based on listening to instructions/information.
Auditory processing: the work of the brain to understand and remember information we hear: paying attention to a sound in the presence of background noise, auditory memory, auditory discrimination between sounds, sequencing the order of what we hear, forming a concept or image or idea.
Autism ( or Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD): 1) a disorder of neural development characterized by impaired social interaction and communication, and by restricted and repetitive behavior. Autism affects information processing in the brain by altering how nerve cells and their synapses connect and organize; 2) a disorder characterized by impaired communication and social interaction. Repetitive and restricted behaviour is one of the symptoms found in people with this disorder.
Awareness: the ability or state in which a person can feel, perceive or is conscious about the sensory patterns, objects or events around him.
Behaviour: 1) the actions of a system or organism, the response of them to various stimuli or inputs, whether internal or external, conscious or subconscious, overt or covert, and voluntary or involuntary; 2) the actions and reactions of an individual that he displays or exhibits in relation to the surroundings or environment.
Behaviorism: an approach to psychology proposition that behavior can be researched scientifically without recourse to inner mental state. It is a form of materialism, denying any independent significance for the mind.
Burnout: changes in thoughts, emotions, and behaviour as a result of extended job stress and unrewarded repetition of duties. Burnout is seen as extreme dissatisfaction, pessimism, lowered job satisfaction, and a desire to quit.
Campus: the grounds of a school, college or university.
Caseworker (syn: Social worker): a person who is employed by a government agency or a private organization to take on an individual's case and provide them advocacy, information or other services.
Centration: a child's tendency to focus only on his or her own perspective of a specific object and a failure to understand that others may see things differently.
Character: 1) the particular combination of qualities that makes someone a particular kind of person. (in this meaning it is close to ‘personality’); 2) a combination of qualities, such as courage and loyalty that are admired and regarded as valuable. E.g. a woman of great character; 3) a person in a book, film.
Charity: 1) the act of giving help, money, food, etc, to those in need; 2) an institution or organization set up to provide help, money, etc., to those in need; 3) a kindly and lenient attitude towards people; 4) a foundation created to promote the public good (not for assistance to any particular individuals).
Child: a human between the stages of conception and puberty.
Child abuse: the physical, psychological or sexual maltreatment of children.
Child custody (guardianship): the legal and practical relationship between a parent and his or her child, such as the right of the parent to make decisions for the child, and the parent's duty to care for the child.Foster care (custodianship):a legal basis for the care of children under the British Children's Act 1975, midway between fostering and adoption, devised for children settled in long-term foster care or living permanently with relatives or a step-parent.
Child protection (syn: welfare): a set of usually government-run services designed to protect children and young people who are underage and encourage family stability. These typically include investigation of alleged child abuse, foster care, adoption services, and services aimed at supporting at-risk families so they can remain intact.
Child and adolescent psychiatry: the branch of psychiatry that specializes in the study, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of psychopathological disorders of children, adolescents, and their families. It encompasses the clinical investigation of phenomenology, biologic factors, psychosocial factors, genetic factors, demographic factors, environmental factors, history, and the response to interventions of child and adolescent psychiatric disorders.
Child psychopathology: the manifestation of psychological disorders in children and adolescents. Oppositional defiant disorder, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, and pervasive developmental disorder are examples of child psychopathology. Counselors, social workers, psychologist and psychiatrists who work with mentally ill children are informed by research in developmental psychology, developmental psychopathology, clinical child psychology, and family systems.
Class participation: a teaching method allowing to stimulate the learning activity of a group of students by their taking part in an activity during a lesson.
Clinical psychology: 1 ) the branch of psychology concerned with the treatment of abnormal mentation and behaviour; 2) a field of psychology that focuses on diagnosis and treatment of psychological disorders.
Cognition: the scientific term for "the process of thought". It usually refers to an information processing view of an individual's psychological function. Other interpretations of the meaning of cognition link it to the development of concepts, individual minds, groups, and organizations.It is the processes of reasoning, thoughts, attitudes and memories.
Cognitive ability: the overall mental ability for different thinking processes that the brain is capable of.
Cognitive development: a field of study in neuroscience and psychology focusing on a child’s development in terms of information processing, conceptual resources, perceptual skill, language, learning and other aspects of brain development and cognitive psychology.
Cognitive psychology: a subdiscipline of psychology exploring internal mental processes of thought such as visual processing, memory, thinking, learning, feeling, problem solving and language. It is the study of how people perceive, remember, think, speak and solve problems.
Cognitive science: the interdisciplinary study of mind and intelligence, which examines how information concerning facilities such as perception, language, reasoning and emotion are represented and transformed in a brain or a machine (e.g., computer). It consists of multiple research disciplines, including psychology, artificial intelligence, philosophy, neuroscience, learning sciences, linguistics, anthropology, sociology and education.
Collaborating: one of the direct instructional methods of having students work in groups. Collaborating allows students to talk to each other and listen to all points of view in the discussion. It helps students think in a less personally biased way and it allows the teacher to assess the students’ ability to work as a team, leadership skills, or presentation abilities.
College: 1) a school for advanced education, especially in a particular subject or skill. E.g. a teacher training college, technical and commercial colleges (the Russian «колледж», «техникум»); 2) a place of higher education both in the USA and in Great Britain (the Russian «университет»); 3) a part of a university. For instance the Universities of Oxford, Cambridge and London are composed of groups of largely autonomous colleges.
Communication: the process by which people exchange information or express their thoughts and feelings.
Communication skills: ways of expressing yourself well so that other people will understand well. E.g. a week’s course in improving communication skills.
Community chest: a charity supported by individual subscriptions; defrays the demands on a community for social welfare.
Comparative psychology: refers to the study of the behavior and mental life of animals other than human beings. Comparative psychology has also been described as branch of psychology in which emphasis is placed on cross-species comparisons—including human-to-animal comparisons.
Comprehensive school: is a state school that does not select its intake on the basis of academic achievement or aptitude. This is in contrast to the selective school system, where admission is resricted on the basis of a selection criteria. The term is commonly used in relation to the United Kingdom, where comprehensive schools were introduced in the late 1960s. It corresponds broadly to the German Gesamtschule and to the high school in the United States and Canada. About 90% of British pupils attend comprehensive schools. Most comprehensives are secondary schools for children between the ages of 11 to at least 19, but in a few areas there are comprehensive middle schools, and in some places the secondary level is divided into two, for students aged 11 to 14 and those aged 14 to 19, roughly corresponding to the US middle school (or junior high school) and high school, respectively.
Compulsive behaviour: behaviour which a person does compulsively – in other words, not because they want to do so but because they have to do so.Compulsive behaviour is intended and appears to follow rules.
Computation: the process, skill or the result of calculating.
Conformity: changing your attitudes, beliefs, thoughts, or behaviours in order to be more consistent with others.
Consciousness: awareness of yourself and the world around you.
Cost of living: the cost of maintaining a certain standard of living. Changes in the cost of living over time are often operationalized in a cost of living index.
Counseling: a theory-based process of helping persons who are fundamentally psychologically healthy resolve developmental and situational issues.
Creativity: a human mental phenomenon based around the deployment of mental skills and/or conceptual tools which, in turn, originate and develop innovation, inspiration and insight. Creativity refers to the phenomenon whereby something new is created which has some kind of value. Creative thinking is the type of thinking that produces new or effective ideas, results etc.
Cross-Cultural psychology: the scientific study of human behavior and mental process, including both their variability and invariance, under diverse cultural conditions.
Defectology: a branch of science that is concerned with the study of the principles and characteristics of the development of children with compound physical and mental defects and the problems of their training and upbringing.
Demonstration: 1) an act of explaining and showing how something works or is done; 2) a teaching method to provide an opportunity to learn new exploration and visual learning tasks from a different perspective. A teacher may use experimentation to demonstrate ideas in a science class. A demonstration may be used in the circumstance of proving conclusively a fact, as by reasoning or showing evidence.
Depression: a disorder characterized by low self-esteem, low mood and lack of interest in the activities to be performed in daily life.
Development (syn: evolution): the process of gradual change of physical, mental and spiritual forces of a person which provide the realization and formation of his personality.
Developmental psychology (or human development): the scientific study of systematic psychological changes that occur in human beings overthe course of their life span.
Didactic method: a teaching method that follows a consistent scientific approach or educational style to engage the student’s mind.
Didactics: the theory of teaching and practical application of teaching and learning. In demarcation from "Mathetics" (the science of learning), didactics refers only to the science of teaching. This theory might be contrasted with Open learning, in which people can learn by themselves, in an unstructured manner, on topics of interest.
Disability: a condition or function judged to be significantly impaired/distorted relative to the usual standard or spectrum of an individual of their group. The term is often used to refer to individual functioning, including physical impairment, sensory impairment, cognitive impairment, intellectual impairment, mental illness, and various types of chronic disease.
Discussion: – a different kind of group work. After some preparation and with clearly defined roles as well as interesting topics, discussions may well take up most of the lesson, with the teacher only giving short feedback at the end or even in the following lesson. Discussions can take a variety of forms, e.g. fishbone discussions.
Discretionary benefits: for those in need who are not covered otherwise. Because some needs are unpredictable, many social assistance schemes have some kind of discretionary element to deal with urgent or exceptional needs; where social assistance is tied to social work, discretionary payments may also be used as a means of encouraging and directing appropriate patterns of behaviour.
Disorientation: the state in which a person is confused about place, time, direction and identity. Disorientation arises as a result of intoxication or delirium.
Domestic violence (domestic abuse or spousal abuse): attempts of a family member, partner or ex-partner to dominate another physically or psychologically.
Donation: a gift given by physical or legal persons, for charitable purposes. A donation may take various forms, including cash, services, new or used goods, clothing, toys, food, vehicles. It also may consist of emergency, relief or humanitarian aid items, development aid support, and can also relate to medical care needs as i.e. blood or organs for transplant.
Drive: an internal motivation to fulfill a need or reduce the negative aspects of an unpleasant situation.
Educate (v): to teach people over a long period of time, in all kinds of knowledge not just school subjects.
Education: 1) the process by which your mind develops through learning at a school, college, or university; 2) the knowledge and skills that you gain from being taught. Education in the largest sense is any act or experience that has a formative effect on the mind, character or physical ability of an individual. In its technical sense, education is the process by which society deliberately transmits its accumulated knowledge, skills and values from one generation to another.
Educational psychology (syn: school psychology): the psychological science studying how children and adults learn in educational settings, the effectiveness of various educational strategies, the psychology of teaching and the social psychology of schools or organizations and how schools function as organizations.
Egocentrism ( or self-centredness): 1) the state in which an individual is incapable of differentiating between the self and the world completely; 2) the tendency to perceive, understand and interpret the world in terms of the self. An egocentric person understands, analyses and interprets the world in his own terms.
Emergency management (disaster management or disaster relief): the discipline of dealing with and avoiding risks. It involves preparing for disaster before it occurs, disaster response (emergency evacuation, quarantine, mass decontamination, etc.), and supporting, and rebuilding society after natural or human-made disasters have occurred.
Empathy: the ability to understand another person's perceptions and feelings.
Emotion: the complex psycho-physiological experience of an individual's state of mind as interacting with biochemical (internal) and environmental (external) influences. In humans, emotion fundamentally involves "physiological arousal, expressive behaviors, and conscious experience”. Emotion is associated with mood, temperament, personality and disposition, and motivation. It is a pattern of intense changes in physiological arousal, behaviour, cognitive processes and environmental influences that are described in subjective terms such as happiness, fear or anger.
Employment services: general measures to manage the issues of unemployment through economic policy.
Encourage (v): to say or do something that helps someone to have the courage or confidence to do something.
Evaluation: the act of considering something to decide how useful or valuable it is. E.g. an intensive evaluation of the educational programme.
Evolutionary psychology: is based on the idea that knowledge concerning the function of the psychological phenomena affecting human evolution is necessary for a complete understanding of the human psyche. Even the project of studying the evolutionary functions of consciousness is now an active topic of study.
Explaining: similar to lecturing. Lecturing is teaching by giving a discourse on a specific subject that is open to the public, usually given in the classroom. This can also be associated with modeling. Modeling is used as a visual aid to learning. Students can visualize an object or problem, then use reasoning and hypothesizing to determine an answer.
Extraversion: 1) the personality style where the individual prefers outward and group activity as opposed to inward and individual activity; 2) the state, or habit of being predominantly concerned with and obtaining gratification from what is outside the sel. Extraverts tend to enjoy human interactions and to be enthusiastic, talkative, assertive, and gregarious. They take pleasure in activities that involve large social gatherings, such as parties, community activities, public demonstrations, and business or political groups. Politics, teaching, sales, managing and brokering are fields that favor extraversion.
Extrinsic motivation: the desire or push to perform a certain behaviour based on the potential external rewards that may be received as a result.
Family therapy (or couple therapy or family systems therapy): a branch of psychotherapy that works with families and couples in intimate relationships to nurture change and development.
Fellowship: money granted by a university or foundation or other agency for advanced study or research.
Food bank: a non-profit organization which distributes non-perishable goods and perishable food items to non-profit agencies involved in local emergency food programs.
Forensic developmental psychology: includes autobiographical memory, memory distortion, eyewitness identification, narrative construction, personality, and attachment as topics covered by this field of research. Forensic developmental psychology is oriented toward children's actions and reactions in forensic contexts.
Forensic social work: a branch of social work that deals with the practice of social work in criminal and civil law settings.
Foster care: a system by which a certified, stand-in "parent(s)" cares for minor children or young people who have been removed from their birth parents or other custodial adults by state authority.
Frustration: the feelings, thoughts, and behaviours associated with not achieving a particular goal or the belief that a goal has been prematurely interrupted.
Functional psychology (or functionalism): a general psychological philosophy that considers mental life and behavior in terms of active adaptation to the person's environment. As such, it provides the general basis for developing psychological theories not readily testable by controlled experiments and for applied psychology.
Gender identity: an individual's perception about whether they are male or female.
Genetics: the study of heredity of physical and psychological traits.
Geriatric psychiatry: a subspecialty of psychiatry dealing with the study, prevention, and treatment of mental disorders in humans with old age. The diagnosis, treatment and management of dementia is one area of this field.
Gerontology: the study of social, psychological and biological aspects of aging.
Gift: something acquired without compensation.
Globalization: an ongoing process by which regional economies, societies, and cultures have become integrated through a globe-spanning network of communication and trade.
Global public good: a good that has the three following properties: 1) it is non-rivalrous. Consumption of this good by anyone does not reduce the quantity available to other agents. 2) It is non-excludable. It is impossible to prevent anyone from consuming that good. 3) It is available worldwide.
Grade (esp. AmE): a mark given for a particular piece of work at school, or for your work during all or part of a year. E.g. You need good grades to go to college.
Grammar school: a school in Britain for children over the age of 11 who have to pass a special examination to go there. Originally they were schools teaching classical languages (Latin and Ancient Greek) but more recently academically-oriented types of secondary school. Over time the curriculum was broadened to include European languages, as well as the natural sciences, mathematics, history, geography and other subjects. In the late Victorian era, grammar schools were re-organised to provide secondary education across the United Kingdom with the exception of Scotland, which had developed a different system. Grammar schools of these types were also established in British territories. Grammar schools became the selective tier of the Tripartite System of state-funded secondary education operating in England and Wales from the mid-1940s to the late 1960s. With the move to non-selective comprehensive schools in the 1960s and 1970s, some grammar schools became fully independent and charged fees, while most others were abolished or became comprehensive. In both cases, many of these schools kept "grammar school" in their names. Some parts of England retain forms of the Tripartite System, and there are also a few surviving grammar schools in otherwise comprehensive areas. Some of the remaining grammar schools can trace their histories to before the 16th century.
Grant: any monetary aid.
Group dynamics: relevant to the fields of psychology, sociology, a group is two or more individuals who are connected to each other by social relationships. Because they interact and influence each other, groups develop a number of dynamic processes that separate them from a random collection of individuals. These processes include norms, roles, relations, development, need to belong, social influence, and effects on behavior. The field of group dynamics is primarily concerned with small group behavior. Groups may be classified as aggregate, primary, secondary and category groups (eg. peer groups).
Group psychotherapy: a form of psychotherapy in which one or more therapists treat a small group of clients together as a group. The term is usually applied to psychodynamic group therapy when the group content and group process is explicitly utilized as a mechanism of change by developing, exploring and examining interpersonal relationships within the group.
Habit: a repeated behaviour that develops as a result of experience and occurs subconsciously and almost automatically. Habitual behaviour often goes unnoticed in persons exhibiting it, because a person does not need to engage in self-analysis when undertaking routine tasks. Habituation is an extremely simple form of learning, in which an organism, after a period of exposure to a stimulus, stops responding to that stimulus in varied manners.
Hall of residence (BrE): a college or university building where students live. (AmE: dormitory).
Heuristic: refers to experience-based techniques for problem solving, learning, and discovery. Heuristic methods are used to come to an optimal solution as rapidly as possible. Part of this method is using a "rule of thumb", an educated guess, an intuitive judgment, or common sense.
Homelessness: the condition and societal category of people who lack fixed housing, usually because they cannot afford a regular, safe, and adequate shelter.
Handicap: the loss or limitation of opportunities to take part in the life of the community on an equal level with others.
Hostility: a form of denial or angry internal rejection. The term is generally used as a synonym for aggression or anger.
Housing costs: mainly mortgage relief and insurance for owner-occupiers; rent is dealt with through the Housing Benefit scheme.
Imagination: the ability to form mental images, or the ability to spontaneously generate images within one's own mind.
Imitation: the learning of behaviour through the observation of others behaviour.
Immigration: the movement of people between countries. While the movement of people has existed throughout human history at various levels, modern immigration implies long-term, legal, permanent residence.
Imprinting: the phase of learning at an early age when a person forms a specific pattern of behaviour. Imprinting is also observed in animals.
Income support: a limited proportion of all the money spent on social security, it guarantees a minimum level of income for many recipients.
Income maintenance: mainly the distribution of cash in the event of interruption of employment, including retirement, disability.
Individuality: is the state or quality of being an individual; a person separate from other persons and possessing his or her own needs, goals, and desires.
Innate: occurring without learning, inborn.
Instinct: an inborn pattern of behaviour often responsive to specific stimuli.
Instructing: refers to the facilitating of learning, usually by a teacher. Instruct (v): to teach someone, especially in a practical way and about a practical skill.
Intelligence: 1 ) an underlying ability which enables an individual to adapt to and function effectively within a given environment; 2) the mental capacity to reason, plan, solve problems, think abstractly, comprehend ideas and language and learn. In psychology, the study of intelligence generally regards this trait as distinct from creativity, personality, character or wisdom.
Intraversion: 1) the tendency to focus energy inward resulting in decreased social interaction; 2) the state of being predominantly concerned with and interested in one's own mental life. Introverts are people whose energy tends to expand through reflection and dwindle during interaction. Introverts tend to be more reserved and less outspoken in large groups. They often take pleasure in solitary activities such as reading, writing, music, drawing, tinkering, playing video games, watching movies and plays, and using computers.
Intrinsic motivation: the motivation or desire to do something based on the enjoyment of the behaviour itself rather than relying on external reinforcement.
Introspection: the process of examining one's own consciousness.
Intuition: the person's ability to acquire knowledge without inference or logical reasoning. Intuition is a natural tendency used by some people to make decisions.
Kinesthetic learning: a teaching and learning style based on hands-on work and engaging in activities. Students actually carry out a physical activity, rather than listen to a lecture or merely watching a demonstration. Building physical models or participating in role-playing or historical reenacting are some examples of kinesthetic learning.
Knowledge: 1 ) the process through which an individual tries to learn or understand with the help of complex cognitive processes such as perception, communication, reasoning and association; 2) information of which someone is aware; 3) the confident understanding of a subject, potentially with the ability to use it for a specific purpose; 4) the facts, skills, and understanding that you have gained through learning or experience.
Knack: 1) a special skill or ability that you usually gain by practice; 2) have a tendency to do something. (дар) E.g. This teacher has a knack of dealing with children.
Learn (v): 1) to gain knowledge of a subject, or skill in an activity, by experience, by studying it, or by being taught. (учить, выучить, научиться); 2) to find out information, news etc by hearing it from someone else.
Learning (syn.: self-instruction, self-educating): 1) the process that brings together cognitive, emotional and environmental influences and experiences for acquiring, enhancing or making changes in one’s knowledge, skills, values and world views; 2) a permanent change in behaviour due to an interaction with the environment; 3) acquiring new knowledge, behaviors, skills, values, or preferences.
Learning disability: in the United States this term refers to the socio-biological conditions that affect a person’s communicative capacities and potential to learn. The term includes conditions such as perceptive disability, brain injury, minimal brain dysfuncion, autism, dyslexia and developmental aphasia. In the UK the term is used more generally to refer to developmental disability.
Learning by teaching: a widespread method when students take the teacher's role and teach their peers. By having them participate in the teaching process it also builds self-confidence, self-efficacy, and strengthens students’ speaking and communication skills. Students will not only learn their given topic, but they will gain experience that could be very valuable for life.
Legal guardian: a person who has the legal authority (and the corresponding duty) to care for the personal and property interests of another person, called a ward.
Logopedics ( or Speech therapy): a branch of defectology that deals with children having various speech defects.
Mark (esp.BrE): a letter or a number given by a teacher to show what standard a piece of work is. A pass mark is the mark you need to pass the exam (проходной балл); a full mark is the highest possible mark.
Mathetics: the science of learning that uses findings of current interests from pedagogical psychology, neuropsychology and information technology.
Maturation: 1) the process of becoming mature, that is, changing due to the natural process of aging as determined by your genetics. At this stage an organism can reproduce, though it is distinct from adulthood. 2) The emergence of personal and behavioral characteristics through growth process. The term is used to indicate how a person responds to the circumstances or environment in an appropriate and adaptive manner. This response is generally learned rather than instinctive, and is not determined by one's age. Maturity also encompasses being aware of the correct time and place to behave and knowing when to act appropriately, according to the situation.
Means-tested benefits: for people on low incomes. Means tested benefits are based on a test of income, though some also include tests of assets or capital.
Medical social work: a sub-discipline of social work. Medical social workers typically work in a hospital, skilled nursing facility or hospice, have a graduate degree in the field (Masters degree in social work (MSW), and work with patients and their families in need of psychosocial help.
Medical social worker: an official in a hospital who looks after the social and material needs of the patients.
Melancholia: a mood disorder in which the patient suffers from low levels of eagerness and enthusiasm in performing activities of day-to-day life.
Memorization (memorizing): a deliberate mental process undertaken in order to store in memory for later recall items such as experiences, names, appointments, addresses, facts, or other visual, auditory, or tactical information.
Memory: the capacity to encode, retain, store and retrieve information.
Mental disorder: psychological or behavioral pattern associated with subjective, distress or disability that occurs on an individual and which is not a part of normal development or culture.Mental disorder is any illness with significant psychological manifestations and that is associated with either a painful or distressing symptom or impairment in one or more important areas of functioning.
Methodology: 1) the analysis of the principles of methods, rules, or postulates employed by a discipline; 2) the systematic study of methods that can be applied within a discipline; 3) the study or discipline of methods. Method can be defined as a systematic and orderly procedure or process for attaining some objective.
Middle age: the period of age beyond young adulthood but before the onset of old age. Various attempts have been made to define this age, which is around the third quarter of the average life span of human beings.
Misbehaviour: behaviour that is not acceptable to other people.
Motivation: 1) eagerness and willingness to do something without needing to be told or forced to do it; 2) the reason why you want to do something; 3) the activation of goal-oriented behaviour or the internal state that arouses, drives and directs behaviour. It is said to be intrinsic or extrinsic.
Motive: a specific need or desire, such as hunger or achievement, that energizes and directs behaviour.
Non-contributory benefits: for people with disabilities. Non-contributory benefits based on a test of need are used for people with physical disabilities, as a form of compensation for severe disability or as a means of meeting special needs (such as a need for social care).
Nursing home (skilled nursing facility (SNF), or skilled nursing unit (SNU), or a rest home): a type of care of residents: it is a place of residence for people who require constant nursing care and have significant deficiencies with activities of daily living.
Observation: the activity through which an individual receives knowledge from the outside world by making use of the senses.
Observational learning (or social learning): a type of learning that occurs as a function of observing, retaining and replicating behavior executed by others. The best role models are those a year or two older for observational learning. Because of this, social learning theory has influenced debates on the effect of television violence and parental role models.
Oligophrenopedagogy: a branch of defectology that deals with mentally retarded children.
Open learning: a teaching method that is supposed to allow pupils self-determined, independent and interest-guided learning.
Opportunity: a chance to do something or an occasion when it is easy to do something.
Orientation: the functionality of the mind which creates awareness of time, person and place.
Palliative care: any form of medical care or treatment that concentrates on reducing the severity of disease symptoms, rather than halting or delaying progression of the disease itself or providing a cure.
Passion: an intense emotion or feeling associated with a particular thing or person and which exhibits an eager interest or desire.
Paternity: the legal acknowledgment of the parental relationship between a father and his child.
Pedagogy: 1) the study of being a teacher (syn.: teacher-training) or the process of teaching; the term generally refers to strategies of instruction, or a style of instruction; 2) is also referred to as the correct use of instructive strategies.
Perception: the process of selection, meaningful organisation and interpretation of information from the senses.
Person: any individual self-conscious or rational being, or any entity having rights and duties; or an individual human being in particular.
Person Centered Planning (PCP): a process designed to assist someone to make plans for their future. It is used most often as a life planning model to enable individuals with disabilities to increase their personal self-determination and improve their own independence.
Personal development: a process of individual self-development and the development of others.
Personality: 1 ) a set of qualities that make a person (or thing) distinct from another; 2) someone’s character, especially the way they behave towards other people; 3) a dynamic and organized set of characteristics possessed by a person that influences his or her cognitions, motivations, and behaviors.
Personality disorders (or character disorders): a class of personality types and behaviors that the American Psychiatric Association (APA) defines as "an enduring pattern of inner experience and behavior that deviates markedly from the expectations of the culture of the individual who exhibits it".
Personality psychology studies patterns of behavior, thought and emotion in individuals, commonly referred to a personality.
Philanthropy: 1 ) the act of donating money, goods, property or services to the needy or for general social betterment; 2 ) the effort or inclination to increase the well-being of humankind by charitable aid or donations; 3) an activity or institution intended to promote human welfare.
Philanthropic foundation: a foundation that provides funds for science or art or education or religion or relief from disease etc.
Philanthropic gift: a voluntary promotion of human welfare.
Phobia: an extreme, irrational fear experienced by an individual about situations, things, activities or people.
Play therapy: a branch of psychotherapy employed with children ages 3 to 11, play provides a way for children to express their experiences and feelings through a natural, self-guided, self-healing process.
Pragmatics: the social aspect of language; using language for certain functions such as making requests or indicating refusal. Good understanding and use of pragmatics are essential for good social skills.
Praise (v): to say that you admire or approve of something or someone, especially publicly.
Prejudice: negative beliefs, attitudes, or feelings about a person's entire character based on only one characteristic. This belief is often based on faulty information.
Psychiatrist: a medical doctor with training in mental illness.
Primary education (AmE: elementary): concerns the education of children between five and eleven years old. Normally the primary school is divided into Infants (5 – 7) and Juniors (7 – 11).
Pro bono publico (pro bono): a phrase derived from Latin meaning "for the public good." The term is used to describe professional work undertaken voluntarily and without payment as a public service.
Psychiatry: the medical field specializing in mental health issues, thereby overlapping with clinical psychology.
Psychiatrist: a physician who specializes in treating mental disorders. All psychiatrists are trained in diagnostic evaluation and in psychotherapy. Psychiatrists may prescribe psychiatric medication, conduct physical examinations, order and interpret laboratory tests and electroencephalograms, and may order brain imaging studies such as computed tomography or computed axial tomography (CT/CAT Scan), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).
Psychoanalysis (or Freudian psychology): a body of knowledge devoted to the study of human psychological functioning and behavior. It has three applications: 1) a method of investigation of the mind; 2) a systematized body of knowledge about human behavior; 3) a method of treatment of psychological or emotional illness.
Psychoeducational intervention: aimed at a student's function within his or her educational setting.
Psychologist: a professional practitioner or researcher and can be classified as a social scientist, behavioral scientist, or cognitive scientist. Psychologists attempt to understand the role of mental functions in individuals and social behavior, while also exploring the physiological and neurobiological processes that underlie certain functions and behaviors.
Psychology: an academic and applied discipline which involves the scientific study of human (or animal) mental functions, all aspects of behaviour and feelings and motivations behind such behaviour. Its goal is to understand humanity by both discovering general principles and exploring specific cases, and, thus to benefit society.
Psychosis: abnormal condition of the mind involving a "loss of contact with reality". People suffering from psychosis are described as psychotic. Psychosis is given to the more severe forms of psychiatric disorder, during which hallucinations and delusions and impaired insight may occur.
Psychosocial intervention: one's psychological development in and interaction with a social environment. Psychosocial support is an approach to victims of disaster, catastrophe or violence to foster resilience of communities and individuals. It aims at easing resumption of normal life, facilitate affected people participation to their convalescence and preventing pathological consequences of potentially traumatic situations.
Puberty: the process of physical changes by which a child's body becomes an adult body capable of reproduction.
Public charity: a charity that is deemed to receive the major part of its support from the public rather than from a small group of individuals.
Public school: 1) a private British school, paid for by parents, where children usually live as well as study; 2) a free local school, especially in the US and Scotland, controlled and paid for by the government.
Public servant: a civilian career public sector employee working for a government department or agency.
Punish (v): to make someone suffer because they have done something wrong or broken some rule or law.
Questioning: a teaching method that includes a series of questions to collect information of what students have learned and what needs to be taught. Testing is another application of questioning.
Reading: the activity of understanding written words.
Recitation: an act of saying a poem, piece of literature etc that you have learned, for people to listen to; 2) a presentation made by a student to demonstrate knowledge of a subject or to provide instruction to others. In some academic institutions the term is used for a presentation by a teaching assistant (TA) or instructor, under the guidance of a senior faculty, that supplements course materials. In recitations that supplement lectures, the leader will often review the lecture, expand on the concepts, and carry on a discussion with the students.
Recognition: identifying something you learned previously and is therefore stored in memory.
Refugee: a person who owing to a well-founded fear of being persecuted for reasons of race, religion, nationality, membership of a particular social group, or political opinion, is outside the country of their nationality.
Regression: a defence mechanism through which the ego temporarily reverts to an earlier state of development. During regression, the thoughts are pushed from consciousness to unconsciousness.
Relationship counseling: the process of counseling the parties of a relationship in an effort to recognize and to better manage or reconcile troublesome differences and repeating patterns of distress. The relationship involved may be between members of a family or a couple, employees or employers in a workplace, or between a professional and a client.
Role model: means any person who serves as an example, whose behaviour is emulated by others.
Remorse: an emotion of personal regret felt by an individual after committing an act that is considered to be hurtful, shameful or violent.
Scale rates (applicable amount): the money to cover all a claimant's normal needs like food, fuel and clothing, apart from housing costs.
Scholarship: financial aid provided to a student on the basis of academic merit.
School psychology: is a field that applies principles of clinical psychology and educational psychology to the diagnosis and treatment of children's and adolescents' behavioral and learning problems.
School social work: a branch of social work that deals with the dysfunctional conditions of the school.
Secondary school: an educational institution where the final stage of schooling, known as secondary education and usually compulsory up to a specified age, takes place. It follows elementary or primary education, and may be followed by university (tertiary) education. Children usually transfer to secondary school between the ages of 10 and 16 years, and finish between the ages of 16 and 18 years, though there is considerable variation from country to country. The purpose of secondary education can be to give common knowledge, to prepare for higher education or to train directly in a profession.
Self: the central organizing principle of the psyche. It embraces both the conscious and unconscious.
Self-awareness: the awareness that one exists as an individual being.
Self-concept: the subjective perception of the self.
Self-conscious: an acute sense of self-awareness. Some people are habitually more self-conscious than others. Unpleasant feelings of self-conscious are sometimes associated with shyness or paranoia.
Self-control: the ability to control one’s emotions, behaviour and desires in order to obtain some reward later and is the capacity of efficient management to the future. In psychology it is sometimes called self-regulation.
Self-esteem: a person's overall evaluation or appraisal of his or her own worth. Self-esteem encompasses beliefs and emotions such as triumph, despair, pride and shame. Self-esteem can apply specifically to a particular dimension ("I believe I am a good writer, and feel proud of that in particular") or have global extent ("I believe I am a good person, and feel proud of myself in general"). Psychologists usually regard self-esteem as an enduring personality characteristic ("trait" self-esteem), though normal, short-term variations ("state" self-esteem) also exist. Synonyms of self-esteem include: self-worth, self-regard, self-respect, self-love, self-promotion, and self-integrity. Self-esteem is distinct from self-confidenceand self-efficacy, which involve beliefs about ability and future performance.
Self-help (self-improvement): self-guided improvement – economically, intellectually, or emotionally – often with a substantial psychological basis.
Self-knowledge: the information that an individual draws upon when finding an answer to the question “What am I like?”
Self-motivation: the ability to motivate oneself, without requiring influence by some other person.
Self-regulated learning: the process guided by metacognition (thinking about one's thinking), strategic action (planning, monitoring, and evaluating personal progress against a standard), and motivation to learn.
Selfishness: placing one's own interests or desires above the needs of others.
Senescence: the change in the biology of an organism as it ages after its maturity. Such changes range from those affecting its cells and their function to that of the whole organism. It is the state or process of aging. Cellular senescence is a phenomenon where isolated cells demonstrate a limited ability to divide in culture while Organismal senescence is the aging of organisms.
Sensation: information brought in through the senses.
Sensitivity: the ability of the organism to respond to any form of physical stimuli.
Skill: 1)the learned capacity (the Russian «навык») to carry out predetermined results often with the minimum outlay of time, energy or both. Skill can often be divided into domain-general and domain-specific skills. For example, in the domain of work, some general skills would include time management, teamwork and leadership, whereas domain-specific skills would be useful only for a certain job. Skill usually requires certain environmental stimuli and situations to assess the level of skill being shown and used. 2) an ability to do something well, especially because you have learned and practiced it. E.g. Reading and writing are two different skills.
Society: the set of relations among people, including their social status and roles.
Social behavior: behavior directed towards society, or taking place between members of the same species.
Social classes: the hierarchical arrangements of people in society as economic or cultural groups. Class is an essential object of analysis for sociologists, anthropologists, political economists, and social historians.
Social criticism: the judgement of the social structures which are seen as flawed and social criticism aims at practical solutions by specific measures, radical reform or even revolutionary change.
S ocial environment (context): the identical or similar social positions and social roles as a whole that influence the individuals of a group. The social environment of an individual is the culture that he or she was educated and/or lives in, and the people and institutions with whom the person interacts.
Social factors: conditions that affect our life style. Some important social factors are: religion, ethnicity, family, physical attributes (skin color, body type etc), economic status, education, locality, life partner and children, political system.
Social identity: the way that individuals label themselves as members of particular groups (nation, social class, subculture, ethnicity, gender, etc).
Social identity theory: a group of social psychological theories concerned with when and why individuals identify with part of social groups, adopt shared attitudes to outsiders. It is also concerned with what difference it makes when encounters between individuals are perceived as encounters between group members.
Social insurance: a type of social security benefits paid for by contributions made by people while they were at work. These benefits or services typically include provision for retirement pensions, disability insurance, survivor benefits and unemployment insurance.
Social integration: the movement of minority groups such as ethnic minorities, refugees and underprivileged sections of a society into the mainstream of societies.
Social justice: the application of the concept of justice on a social scale.
S ocial mobility: the degree to which an individual's family or group's social status can change throughout the course of their life through a system of social hierarchy or stratification.
Social norms: behavioral expectations and cues within a society or group or the rules that a group uses for appropriate and inappropriate values, beliefs, attitudes and behaviors.
Social pedagogy: an academic discipline concerned with theory and practice of holistic education and care. The term emphasizes that upbringing is not only the responsibility of parents but a shared responsibility of society. Social pedagogy is a 'function of society'– it reflects how a given society at a given time thinks about education and upbringing, about the relationship between the individual and society, and about social welfare for its marginalised members.
Social policy: guidelines and interventions for the changing, maintenance or creation of living conditions that are conducive to human welfare. Thus, social policy is that part of public policy that has to do with social issues.
Social psychology: 1) the study of the relations between people and groups. Social psychologists employ both the individual and the group as their units of analysis; 2) the study of social behavior and mental processes, with an emphasis on how humans think about each other and how they relate to each other.
Social responsibility: an ethical theory that an entity whether it is a government, corporation, organization or individual has a responsibility to society at large.
Social roles: accepted behaviors associated with a particular position within a group.
Social security: a social insurance program providing social protection, or protection against socially recognized conditions, including poverty, old age, disability, unemployment and others. Social security may refer to: social insurance, income maintenance and unemployment services.
Social skill: any skill facilitating integration and communication with others. Social rules and relations are created, communicated and changed in verbal and nonverbal ways. The process of learning such rules is called socialization.
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