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Names of seasons are used without articles if they show a certain time of the year.
It was spring. I like spring.
The definite article is used when these nouns are modified by a particularizing attribute or when the situation makes them definite.
It happened in the spring of 1930. The spring was cold and rainy.
The indefinite article is used when these nouns are modified by a descriptive attribute.
It was a cold spring.
When names of seasons are modified by the adjectives early or late, no articles are used.
It was early spring.
12. The use of articles with the nouns school, college, bed, prison, jail.
The nouns school, college, bed, prison, jail are used without an article when they lose their concrete meaning and express the purpose for which the objects denoted by these nouns serve. When these nouns denote concrete objects the articles are used according to the general principle.
(a) School, college.
to be at school – to be a schoolboy (schoolgirl)
to go to school
to be at college – to be a student of a college to leave school
to finish or drop one's studies
to go to the school – not as a pupil (the building is meant)
to leave the school – to leave the building
Mother went to the school yesterday to attend a parents' meeting.
She left the school at 7 o'clock.
She worked at a school in Siberia.
(b) Bed.
to go to bed
to be in bed
(c) Prison, jail.
to be in prison (in jail) – to be a prisoner
to be sent to prison – as a prisoner
to go to the prison – not as a prisoner
13. The use of articles with the names of meals.
Names of meals are used without articles.
When did you have dinner?
The definite article is used when the nouns are modified by a particularizing attribute or when the situation makes them definite.
The dinner we had today was very substantial. The dinner was a success.
The indefinite article is used if the name of a meal is modified by a descriptive attribute.
After a hearty breakfast the four gentlemen sallied forth to walk to Gravesend.
14. Few, a few, the few; little, a little, the little.
Few means «мало», it has a negative meaning.
A few means «несколько», it has a positive meaning.
The few means «те немногие (которые)».
He was a very good man. There are few like him in the world today. (Abrahams)
He left after a few moments. (Dreiser)
Little means «мало», it has a negative meaning.
A little means «некоторое количество», it has a positive meaning.
The little means «небольшое количество (которое)».
We have a little time. Let us take a walk in the garden.
Don't waste the little time you have.
15. Two, the two; three, the three, etc.; the second, a second.
Two means «два».
The two means «оба, те два».
Two students entered the room.
The two friends travelled together.
The second is an ordinal numeral meaning «второй».
The second attempt proved more successful than the first.
A second means ‘another, one more’.
Having eaten the gruel, Oliver asked for a second portion.
A second time means ‘once more’.
I rang the bell, but nobody answered it, so I had to ring a second time.
16. Another, the other; a number, the number.
The pronoun another has two meanings:
(a) «какой-либо другой».
Give me another pen, I don't like this one.
(b) «еще один».
I am thirsty; I should like another cup of tea.
The other means «определенный другой».
There are two books here, take one and I'll take the other.
A number of means ‘many’. It is rendered in Russian by много, ряд.
The number means «число, количество».
His father and a number of his cronies were in the dining-room. (Dreiser)
The number of mistakes he makes is startling.
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